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Integrated Omics Technology for Basic and Clinical Research
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Kuldeep Giri, Vinod Singh Bisht, Sudipa Maity, Kiran Ambatipudi
Metabolites are genome associated metabotypes (metabolic phenotype), which is broadly employed for disease identification and classification of disease severity. Based on the metabolic markers, asthmatics are classified as a mild, moderate, and severe form of pathogenesis. For instance, the serological study based on healthy and asthmatics patients showed an increase in levels of oleoylethanolamide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and N-palmitoyltaurine in moderate and severe asthmatics (Reinke et al., 2017). Metabolite-based precise markers provide specificity and sensitivity to detect multifactorial disorders. Alteration in the creatine-to-creatinine ratio in DMD disease patient’s serum samples was found to be associated with progression in disease development (Boca et al., 2016). Continued technical modernization in LC-MS has enabled rapid identification, validation, and standardization of metabolic markers for disease diagnosis, mapping of host-pathogen interaction, and host physiological changes during microbial infection.
Immune System Imaging
Published in Margarida M. Barroso, Xavier Intes, In Vivo, 2020
Michael J. Hickey, M. Ursula Norman
After undergoing antigen-mediated activation within lymph nodes, T cells leave the lymph nodes via the lymphatic vasculature, eventually entering the bloodstream to undergo recirculation. Imaging has also revealed the mechanisms underlying lymphocyte egress from the lymph node, demonstrating that T cells migrate toward and within the lymph node sinus at which stage they are able to be captured by lymph flow (Grigorova et al., 2009). This process is driven by interaction of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a chemoattractant abundant in lymph, via interaction with T cell-expressed sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 1 (S1P1). The latter finding is notable for the fact that prevention of T cell egress from the lymph node via S1P1 inhibition forms the basis of action of Fingolimod (FTY720), an immunosuppressive agent used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (Calabresi et al., 2014).
Biology of the Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Three intercellular lipids are implicated in epidermal barrier function: sphmgolipids, free sterols, and free fatty acids (21). In addition, it is thought that the lamellar bodies, discussed previously (Odland bodies, membrane-coating granules, cementsomes), containing sphingolipids, free sterols, and phospholipids, play a key role in barrier function and are essential to trap water and prevent excessive water loss (22,23). The lipids are necessaiy for barrier function, since solvent extraction of these chemicals leads to xerosis, directly proportional to the amount of lipid removed (24). The major lipid by weight found in the stratum corneum is ceramide, which becomes sphingolipid if glycosylated via the primary alcohol of sphingosine (25). Ceramides possess the majority of the long-chain fatty acids and linoleic acid in the skin.
Molecular toxicology and carcinogenesis of fumonisins: a review
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2020
Ruth Nabwire Wangia-Dixon, Kizito Nishimwe
The mechanism of fumonisin B1 toxicity is summarized in Figure 5. Sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) are synthesized de novo from palmitoyl-COA and serine substrates through a myriad of different enzymes including serine palmitoyl transferase, 3-ketoreductase, ceramide synthase and desaturase.48,49 Due to structural similarity between fumonisins and the long chain sphingolipid backbones, fumonisin B1 has the ability to compete with sphingolipids to bind and inhibit ceramide synthases.48–50 Moreover, the ability of ceramide synthase to recognize amine and tricarboxylic acid chain groups favors binding to fumonisin B1. Inhibition of the enzyme ceramide synthase interferes with the sphingolipid metabolism causing free sphingolipid bases and their 1-phosphates to accumulate in cells.51–53 Since ceramide is a precursor to more complex sphingolipids, the loss of de novo ceramide synthesis triggered by fumonisin B1 would result in a decreased pool of these sphingolipids, which play important roles in cell membrane integrity.13,41 The primary mechanism of fumonisins toxicity is thereby established to be disruption of sphingolipid synthesis de novo by way of fumonisin B1 ’s inhibitive action of the enzyme ceramide synthase.11,13,28
Ceramide pathway: A novel approach to cancer chemotherapy
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Mahdi Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, Masoud Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, Sepide Golmohammad
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids with sphingosine as a complex amino alcohol core containing 18 carbons, which together with glycerolipids and sterols, form the major part of the cell membrane structure. Ceramide as ubiquitous sphingolipids is composed of a sphingosine, which is amide-bonded to a fatty acyl chain with different numbers of carbons, ranging from 14 to 26 [16]. Ceramides are one of the major components of the cell membrane and play a key role in protecting the cell from environmental stress [11]. The addition of phosphoethanolamine, monosaccharide or oligosaccharide together with sialic acid to ceramide leads to the formation of sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and ganglioside, which, apart from the structural importance, they play a role as biological markers and the binding agent of extracellular ligands to the receptor [3,17] .