China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Anti-Inflammatory Compounds Derived from Marine Macroalgae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin, David W. Morton
Galacto-glycerolipids are widely found in plants and photosynthetic bacteria. They are a class of compounds, in which galactose is bound at the glycerol sn-3 position in O-glycosidic linkage to diacylglycerol. While phosphoglycerolipids make the primary building blocks of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes, non-phosphorous galactoglycerolipids are the main building blocks of plant cells (Benning and Ohta 2005). Galacto-glycerolipids are an important part of plant cell membranes where they constitute the bulk of the polar lipids in photosynthetic membranes. Moreover, galactolipids are the most widespread group of non-phosphorous lipids, being the major constituents of the photosynthetic membranes of higher plants, algae, and bacteria (Dörmann and Benning 2002). They account for 80% of the membrane lipids found in green plant tissues. In contrast, to membranes of animals and yeasts, where phospholipids are the main lipid group, galactolipids are major constituents of the photosynthetic membranes of higher plants, algae and bacteria (Dörmann and Benning 2002). Lipids in plants consists mainly of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG and DGDG) containing one or two saturated or unsaturated fatty acids linked to the glycerol part of the molecule (Figure 9.2). As in higher plants, the proportions of MGDG are higher in the lipids from marine algae exposed to white light (Radwan et al. 1988).
Nature’s Green Catalyst for Environmental Remediation, Clean Energy Production, and Sustainable Development
Published in Miguel A. Esteso, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, A. K. Haghi, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering for Sustainable Development, 2020
Benny Thomas, Divya Mathew, K. S. Devaky
Lipases are specific for the breakdown of lipids.41 They are produced by bacteria, plants, actinomycetes, and animal cells. They are helpful in the drastic reduction of total hydrocarbon content in the contaminated soil through processes like hydrolysis, interesterification, alcoholics, and aminolysis. They are beneficial for the hydrolysis of triglyceride, the main component of natural oil or fat, into diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol, and fatty acids.4 Lipolytic reactions occur at the lipid–water interface, where lipolytic substrates usually form equilibrium between monomeric, micellar, and emulsified states. In the biphasic oil–water system, the enzyme lipase gets adsorbed on to the oil–water interface in the bulk of the water phase and then breaks the ester bonds of triolein to diolein, monoolein, and glycerol, and oleic acid is formed at each consecutive reaction stage. The glycerol formed is hydrophilic in nature and gets dissolved into the water phase. Monoacylglycerol is effectively used as an emulsifying agent in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Lipase activity is one of the most useful parameters for testing the degradation of hydrocarbon in soil.42
Application of Nanotechnology in the Safe Delivery of Bioactive Compounds
Published in V Ravishankar Rai, Jamuna A. Bai, Nanotechnology Applications in the Food Industry, 2018
Behrouz Ghorani, Sara Naji-Tabasi, Aram Bostan, Bahareh Emadzadeh
Triglyceride (triacylglycerol, triacylglyceride), diglyceride (diacylglycerol), and monoglyceride (monoacylglycerol) belong to the family of glycerides. In triglyceride, the three fatty acids may be the same and may differ by one or all three. Thereof, the acids may be saturated or unsaturated. The most common residues are those with 16, 18, and 20 carbons. The same holds for diglycerides. Here, the two fatty acids can be located at any one of the three carbon positions. In monoglyceride, the fatty acid can be located either at the C-1 or C-2 position. Glycerides are not soluble in water. Di- and monoglycerides have emulsifying properties. The melting points of the glycerides strongly depend not only on the chemical nature but also on the symmetry of the fatty acid residues, their distribution over the carbon positions. Triglyceride is the main constituent in animal fats and plant/vegetable oils. Most natural fats contain a mixture of different triglycerides. The heterogeneity of the mixture determines the span of the melting range. The commercial source of mono- and diglycerides is the same as for triglycerides, but total synthesis is also possible (Zuidam and Nedovic 2009).
Dynamic optimization for the enzymatic production of acylglycerols
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Laís Koop, Lorena I. Soares, Fernando Augusto Pedersen Voll, Adrian Bonilla-Petriciolet, Marcos Lúcio Corazza
Monoacylglycerols (MAGs) and diacylglycerols (DAGs) are nonionic and amphiphilic molecules obtained through vegetable oils transformation (Voll et al., 2011). Both products are used to stabilize emulsions in pharmaceutical formulations and prepared foods (Fureby et al., 1997; Jackson and King, 1997; Nakajima, 2004). More specifically, MAGs are also used in pharmaceuticals as binders in tablets and as emollients for transdermal, slow-release drugs (Jackson and King, 1997) while DAGs have been widely used at different purity levels as additive for fats enhancing plasticity (Satriana et al., 2016). Recent studies have also shown that the ingestion of oil enriched with at least 80% of DAG can provide nutritional advantages (e.g. weight loss and less body fat accumulation) compared with conventional edible oils which are primarily composed of triacylglycerols (TAGs) (D’Alonzo et al., 1982; Watanabe et al., 1998; Nagao et al., 2000; Maki et al., 2002; Lo et al., 2008).
Development of the emulsions containing modified fats formed via enzymatic interesterification catalyzed by specific lipase with various amount of water
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Małgorzata Kowalska, Magdalena Woźniak, Anna Krzton-Maziopa, Serge Tavernier, Łukasz Pazdur, Anna Żbikowska
Mixtures of monoacylglycerols (MAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG) are widely-known and frequently used as emulsifiers in industrial production of functional fats.[3] Currently, there are more and more publications in which the properties and confirmed applications of these compounds are described.[4,5] Nowadays, there are several methods available for the synthesis of DAG. Generally, DAG are enzymatically produced by direct esterification, glycerolysis, interesterification, partial hydrolysis, or the combination of partial hydrolysis and interesterification.[6] In general, however, the proposal to use these compounds results from the addition of these compounds to the dispersion system as separate substances. This work demonstrates the possibility of producing fat and at the same time a suitable amount of mono and diacylglycerols that is able to stabilize the emulsion system.