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Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The starting material, p-aminophenol (4-aminophenol), is produced from phenol by nitration followed by reduction with iron. Alternatively, the partial hydrogenation of nitrobenzene affords phenylhydroxylamine which rearranges primarily to 4-aminophenol: C6H5NO2+2H2→C6H5NHOH+H2OC6H5NHOH→HOC6H4NH2
Nanoscale zero-valent iron for remediation of toxicants and wastewater treatment
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Persulfate-supported nZVI (nZVI-Na2S2O8) was designed for the removal of nitrobenzene (NB). The nZVI-Na2S2O8 reduces the NB to aniline and aniline was further mineralized to CO2 and H2O. The nZVI-Na2S2O8 showed 100% NB degradation and 49.25% total organic content (TOC) removal efficiency using 0.75 g/L doses of the nanoparticle, 200 mg/L initial concentration at a pH of 5. The acidic environment allowed the nZVI to dissolve and reduce to Fe(II). The main species in the degradation were SO4*- and *OH [129]. Lee et al. [130] investigated the reduction of NB using nZVI. Under acidic conditions (pH = 1.5–5) and 1 g/L load of the catalyst, 99.9% of NB was decomposed within 30 min. The reduction of the nitro group to aniline was the dominant reaction in which nitrosobenzene and phenylhydroxylamine intermediates were formed during the transformation, as demonstrated in the following equations (Eqs. 5–9).
Sustainable Solvent Extraction Process for Fe Analysis in Radioactive Samples Based on Microfluidic Tools
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2020
Somasoudrame Rassou, Thomas Vercouter, Clarisse Mariet
55Fe is usually measured by liquid scintillation after several sample preparation steps in order to remove interferences originate from 60Co and 63Ni which are also beta emitters.[24] After a purification step by solid phase extraction, the separation of iron (III) from other metals is obtained by liquid-liquid extraction from a 1.6 M HCl containing cupferron as a complexing agent. The extraction of metal with cupferron have been studied by several authors.[25–27] The cupferron, ammonium salt of N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylamine, is a common reagent for the complexation of metal ions. The anion binds to metal cations through two oxygen atoms, forming chelate rings. As a result, iron and cupferron form a Fe(cupferrate)3 complex that is soluble in organic solvent like chloroform[28] and ethyl acetate.[29] Chloroform is currently used as the extraction solvent in the CEA analytical protocol, but it is classified as a carcinogen, mutagen or substance toxic to reproduction (CMR).[30] This is why the development of a more appropriate extraction method with lower amount of chloroform or with ethyl acetate as a substituent is required.