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List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Petroleum ether is a flammable liquid used as a universal solvent and extractant during the processing of different chemicals, like fats, waxes, paints, varnishes, furniture polish thinning, as detergent, and as fuel. The major components include paraffins, olefins, naph-thenes, aromatics, and about 10%–40% ethyl alcohol.
A new approach to enhance the reclaimed asphalt pavement features: role of maltene as a rejuvenator
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2022
Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar, Haryati Yaacob, Mhmood Khleel Saleem, Mohd Khairul Idham Mohd Satar, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Munder Bilema, Choy Jau Lai, Mohd Zul Hanif Mahmud
First, the VA was mixed with an optimum dose of petroleum ether (functioned as chemical solvent) in a container, and then placed in a water bath at 50°C with continuous stirring for 2 h until the soluble fraction was dissolved. Later, the mixture was kept in a water bath for approximately 60 min to let the asphaltene settle to the bottom from the dissolved virgin asphalt. After that, the asphaltene was filtered entirely out of the mixture. Next, the maltene was recovered at 50–70°C from petroleum ether using a rotary evaporator. Repeated recycling of the petroleum ether was possible depending on the extraction conditions, making the approach more economical. Finally, in order to eliminate the presence of chemical solvents completely, the maltene was heated in an oven at 80°C for 30 min. The results were compared with ASTM D4124 (2018), which assumed mixing 100 ml of n-heptane as solvent to 1 g of asphalt, to ensure that the process was successfully performed. Table 3 shows that asphaltene content obtained from asphalt binder using n-heptane was 19.03%, which is very close to that obtained via petroleum ether (19.17%).
Towards novel thieno-fused subporphyrazines via functionalized thiophene precursors
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2020
Mads Georg Rasmussen, Henrik Gotfredsen, Anders Kadziola, Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
All water sensitive reactions were carried out in flame-dried, and N2- or Ar-flushed glassware. o-DCB was distilled prior to use from CaH2. Diisopropylamine was distilled from NaH prior to use. Anhydrous DMF, toluene and THF were tapped from an Innovative Technology (IT) plant model PS-MD-05. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel were used. Flash column chromatography was carried out using SiO2 with particle size of 40–63 µm, whereas dry column vacuum chromatography was carried out with SiO2 of 15–40 µm particle size. Size exclusion chromatography was carried out using Bio-Beads® S-X 8. Chemicals and solvents were purchased from the suppliers: Sigma Aldrich, Flourochem and VWR. A technical grade of petroleum ether was used with boiling point 40–65°C. Both 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 500 MHz instrument with a non-inverse cryoprobe. As reference, the deuterated solvents were used: CDCl3 (1H NMR: δ = 7.26 ppm, 13C NMR: δ = 77.16 ppm), CD2Cl2 (1H NMR: δ = 5.32 ppm, 13C NMR: δ = 54.00 ppm). HRMS was recorded on a Bruker SolariX XR MALDI-FT-ICR instrument with dithranol as matrix. All melting points are uncorrected. A Bruker FT-IR instrument using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) sampling technique was used for recording IR-spectra.
Experimental and dimensional analysis of CO2-assisted gravity drainage in low permeability dip reservoirs of east China
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Pufu Xiao, Maolei Cui, Wei Zhang, Qichuan Hu, Shuxia Zhao, Rui Wang, Yongqiang Tang
A series of sandstone cores (2.5 × 2.5 × 100 cm) was dried for 72 h at 65°C, and then we measured its weight before and after saturated the brine water. After that, the cores were dried again for 72 h and the gas permeability was measured accordingly. The measured gas permeability was in the range of 3.01 × 10−3–3.05 × 10−3 mD and the effective porosity was about 14.5%, the properties of the cores are very similar to studied reservoir as listed in Table 2. There was no water in all flooding experiments so as to simulate the field conditions. Petroleum ether was used as a saturated fluid oil phase prior to start of the experiments, and density and boiling point of the petroleum ether at 20°C were 0.77 g/cm2 and 90–120°C. The CO2 with 99.99% purity was used as a displacement solvent. Through single degassing experiments, the saturation pressure of oil was determined to be 12.5 MPa. The viscosity of live oil (at the saturation pressure) and degassed oil was 2.5 and 14.6 mPa·s, respectively. The minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of CO2 with live oil determined by the long slim tube test was 32.5 MPa at 98°C, and the gas oil ratio was 50 m3/m3.