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Catalytic Application of Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters as Heterogeneous Catalysts in Industrially Important Chemical Reactions
Published in Yan Zhu, Rongchao Jin, Atomically Precise Nanoclusters, 2021
Hydrodesulfurization is an industrial catalytic process for sulfur removal from hydrocarbons in crude petroleum to gain ultraclean fuel. Molybdenum sulfides with nickel or cobalt are typical catalysts for industrial hydrodesulfurization, yet the catalysts have high activity but low active site densities. Zhu and co-workers reported Ni6(SR)12 nanoclusters to be used as the catalyst for hydrodesulfurization of thiophene [27]. The Ni6(SR)12 supported on MoS2 exhibited better catalytic activity for hydrodesulfurization of thiophene than the commercial NiMoS/Al2O3: Ni6(SR)12/MoS2 catalyst gave a complete conversion of thiophene at 250 °C, while commercial catalyst gave the complete thiophene conversion at 300 °C (Fig. 9.13). Especially, the on-and-off dynamics of thiophene on Ni6(SR)12 nanoclusters enabled efficient hydrodesulfurization processes while maintaining the nanocluster atomicity. The study highlights the potential for pursuing practical applications of precise transition metal nanoclusters for the chemical industry.
Unionfining: Technical Case Studies
Published in Michael C. Oballa, Stuart S. Shih, Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Petroleum and Distillates, 2020
The increase in sulfur content of U.S. crude slate is troubling because it opposes the objective of providing lower sulfur gasoline and diesel (see Figure 2).1 Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of FCC feed can greatly reduce the sulfur content of gasoline, light cycle oil, and decant oil. The reduction of sulfur in FCC gasoline is especially important because this sulfur can account for more than 90% of the total sulfur in the gasoline pool.2 Sulfur in gasoline is known to cause the temporary deactivation of catalytic converters and thereby increase exhaust emissions. Figure 3 shows sulfur contents for typical gasoline blending components, and Figure 4 shows the average FCC naphtha contribution to the 1989 U.S. gasoline pool.
Oil and Gas Security
Published in Maria G. Burns, Managing Energy Security, 2019
3 TreatingThis process uses catalysts, electrolysis and hydrogen to chemically remove contaminants such as sulfur, nitrogen oxides, salts, nickel, and so on. For example, hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic chemical process in which a hydro-treater unit in a refinery is used to remove sulfur, a pollutant, from refined petroleum products and natural gas. Given that the environmental regulations globally for low sulfur are becoming stricter each year, refiners conduct “hydrotreating” to separate sulfur from the petroleum products.Coking, residue catalytic cracking (RCC) and de-asphalting are deep conversion methods, intended to transform the heaviest molecules, such as residues, into lighter, cleaner, higher-value products.
Application of green synthesis nanocomposite adsorbents in the adsorption desulfurization of dibenzothiophene in model oil
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2023
Hozan Jalal Saleem, Yousif Mustafa Salih, Luqman Omar Hamasalih, Chawan Saiwan Othman
The removal of sulfur compounds is an important unit operation in petroleum refining processes, and transportation fuels because they are the main sources of SO2 emissions, which cause air pollution and acid rain when they react with water [1,2]. Consequently, all nations have strict regulations to control how much sulfur is released into the atmosphere as a result of fuel consumption. Using high quality clean fuels with reduced sulfur compounds has been mandated by new environmental legislation in recent years. As a result, the sulfur content in diesel fuel will be reduced to less than 10 mg/L in Europe since 2009 and to less than 15 mg/L in the US since 2006, respectively [3]. Thus, the desire to reduce the high sulfur content of diesel fuel is a significant challenge for researchers. It was noted that hydrodesulfurization (HDS) was a more efficient approach used in petroleum refineries for removing sulfur compounds such as thiophenes from diesel fuel. However, it required more stable catalysts and stringent conditions, including high temperatures, high pressure, and a large volume of hydrogen [4-6]. Alternatively, various non-hydrodesulfurization techniques have been investigated to produce ultra-clean fuel under moderate conditions, including oxidative and extractive desulfurization [7], bio-desulfurization [8], and adsorptive desulfurization (ADS) [9].
Oxidative desulfurization utilizing activated carbon supported phosphotungstic acid in the frame of ultrasonication
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Gerje Ronelle H. Barilla, Charles Adrian W. Chen, Martin Zechariah M. Valencia, Nathaniel P. Dugos, Angelo Earvin Sy Choi
The process wherein the sulfur content of a fuel is reduced to an acceptable value is called desulfurization. Desulfurization is classified as pre-combustion, wherein sulfur is removed prior to burning the fuel, and post-combustion, wherein sulfur is removed after the burning process. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is the conventional desulfurization of fuel oils (Chen et al. 2021). However, there are multiple drawbacks in this desulfurization technology. HDS requires high energy consumption due to extreme conditions that operates at high temperature (300 °C to 440 °C), high pressure (3 MPa to 6 MPa), and spends a considerable amount of hydrogen that translates to expensive costs (Zhang et al. 2021). Moreover, the aromatic sulfur compounds such as thiophenes, BT, and DBT have low reactivities toward the HDS that presents a limitation to this process (Margeta et al. 2016). Therefore, various studies regarding alternative processes have been developed to cover the limitations of the HDS.
Preparation of synthetic composite nano-catalyst for oxidative desulfurization of kerosene
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Hamin Jafaar Mohammed, Aysar T. Jarullah, Ban A. Al-Tabbakh, Hala M. Hussein
Globally, 50% of petroleum supplying main demands for transportation fuels (Muhammad et al. 2018). Such fuels often polluted with a wide variety of organosulfur components. These sulfur compounds with their toxic behavior convert to SOx after combustion which is one of the biggest worldwide environmental issue because it generates particles in darks exhaust fumes, poisoning catalysts in oil refineries, contribute to acid rain, and global warming (Rivoira et al. 2021). In recent time, there is crucial demand with rigid regulations toward reducing the concentration limit of fuels (kerosene, diesel or gasoline) to be maximum 10 and 15 ppmw (Pawelec et al. 2011). However, achieving such low concentrations with the range of complicated sulfur compounds found in petroleum is considered to be a big challenge for the most oil refining industries to pursue more advanced and cost-effective fuel desulfurization and purification technologies. At present, number of techniques applied to remove sulfur from fuels, such as selective adsorption (Dasgupta et al. 2009), extractive separation (Dana et al. 2019), biodegradation (Papi et al. 2018), hydrodesulfurization (HDS) (Kabe, Ishihara, and Tajima 2002), and oxidative desulfurization (ODS) (Hossain, Chae Park, and Seok Choi 2019).