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Microbial Control during Hydraulic Fracking Operations
Published in Kenneth Wunch, Marko Stipaničev, Max Frenzel, Microbial Bioinformatics in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021
Renato De Paula, Irwan Yunus, Conor Pierce
Peroxy acids are related to hydrogen peroxide. Peroxy acids are synthesized by mixing hydrogen peroxide with carboxylic acids bearing various carbon chain lengths. Peracetic acid, from acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, is the most prevalent of the peroxy acid oxidizing biocides in hydraulic fracturing operations. While it also generates hydroxyl radicals, peracetic acid is a more reactive molecule than hydrogen peroxide with a higher oxidation potential so is capable of oxidizing thiols and disulfide bonds in key cellular components without the need of a radical intermediate. An additional benefit of peracetic acid is the release of only environmentally benign byproducts: Acetic acid and water from the peracetic acid and oxygen from the hydrogen peroxide used to synthesize it (De Paula et al., 2013). Recent advances have introduced performic acid, from formic acid and hydrogen peroxide, as a more reactive peroxy acid variant. Mechanistically identical to peracetic acid but substantially more reactive, performic acid must be generated on-site. The byproducts of performic acid are also environmentally benign, forming only carbon dioxide and water due to the decreased amount of hydrogen peroxide required to generate it (Pierce and Peter, 2019).
Microbially Inspired Nanostructures for Management of Food-Borne Pathogens
Published in Mahendra Rai, Patrycja Golińska, Microbial Nanotechnology, 2020
Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam, Khamis Youssef, Farah K. Ahmed, Hassan Almoammar
Pathogenic microorganisms can pollute fruits and vegetables through their broad production chain from field, to transport, to food industry, and home use. Current disinfection strategies include chlorine/hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium salts, ozone, and UV light. Another innovation shows inactivation of microorganisms on fresh produce and food production surfaces by water nanostructures produced by electrospraying water vapor (Glaser 2015). Engineered water nanostructure (EWNS) technique depends on production of EWNS using a stage that joins two procedures, namely, specific electrospraying and ionization of water. EWNS blended using electrospray and ionization of water, appear to be a powerful, green, antimicrobial agent for surface and air sterilization, where ROS are created and typified inside the particles during synthesis. We demonstrate that the EWNS produced by electrospraying of water vapor can interact with and inactivate airborne mycobacteria, significantly reducing their concentration.
Bacterial Biofilms in Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Published in Maik W. Jornitz, Filtration and Purification in the Biopharmaceutical Industry, 2019
Peracetic acid, 0.02% (v/v), has been found to be an effective treatment agent for both deionization resins and associated water system components (Flemming 1984; Alasri et al. 1993; Mazzola et al. 2006; Farhat et al. 2011). This compound is sometimes used in synergistic combinations with hydrogen peroxide and/or UV irradiation (Henthorne and Amer Desalting 1996; Mazzola et al. 2006; Sacchetti et al. 2009). Along with its true biocidal properties (i.e., sporicidal activity), peracetic acid is an effective depyrogenating agent and is used extensively in the hemodialysis industry, both for water system disinfection and for ultrafilter sterilization/depyrogenation.
Heat-activated peracetic acid for degradation of diclofenac: kinetics, influencing factors and mechanism
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Jiewen Deng, Shenglan Liu, Yongsheng Fu, Yiqing Liu
Previously, peracetic acid (PAA, CH3C(=O)OOH) was used for wastewater disinfection because of the low toxicity of its byproducts [11–13]. In recent years, it has been increasingly reported to be used as an oxidant in AOPs [14–19]. For instance, activated PAA produces reactive species that can effectively degrade acetaminophen and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) [18,19]. Transition metals (e.g. Cu2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Fe2+) can effectively activate PAA to degrade target contaminants [20–23]. For example, the Co2+/PAA system can rapidly degrade SMX under neutral pH conditions [21]. Although these homogeneous catalytic processes generally have a simple reaction condition, transition metal ions may induce secondary pollution [24]. Consequently, heterogeneous transition metal catalysts are developed to activate PAA, such as Co3O4, CoFe2O4, etc. [25–27]. However, these catalysts may leach transition metal ions during the reaction, which requires an additional treatment. UV radiation can also effectively activate PAA to generate reactive species, making contaminants removal without secondary pollution [28,29]. Nevertheless, UV has a limited ability to penetrate the water column, which may limit its application in PAA activation.
A field-portable colorimetric method for the measurement of peracetic acid vapors: a comparison of glass and plastic impingers
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
Angela L. Stastny, Amos Doepke, Robert P. Streicher
Peracetic acid (PAA) is a commonly used antimicrobial that has been used as a disinfectant in the food and beverage industries, healthcare settings, water treatment, and as a bleaching agent (Swern 1970; Baldry and French 1989; Pechacek et al. 2015; Luukkonen and Pehkonen 2017). PAA is more environmentally friendly than conventional chlorine-containing disinfectants because it leaves behind no toxic residues (Pinkernell et al. 1994; Awad et al. 2000). However, PAA is irritating to mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. The effects of worker exposure to PAA vapors are a pertinent issue. There is a need to quantify air concentrations of PAA quickly and accurately in the workplace based on irritation of the upper respiratory tract and lacrimation occurring due to exposures as low as 15.6 mg/m3 (5 ppmv) within 3 min (Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels; Committee on Toxicology; National Research Council 2010). A threshold for irritation to mucous membranes and eyes of 1.56 mg/m3 (0.5 ppmv) was derived from Fraser and Thorbinson (1986); this concentration of PAA vapor is not expected to cause discomfort (Fraser and Thorbinson 1986). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®) set a Threshold Limit Value (TLV®) for a Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) of 1.24 mg/m3 (0.4 ppmv) during a 15-min period (ACGIH 2014). A reliable and accurate method for PAA measurement is needed for quantifying exposures to PAA vapors at low concentrations in the workplace.
Nitrogenous gas formation mechanisms of chemically modified superfine pulverized coal during pyrolysis
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Yang Ma, Min Yan, Xiumin Jiang
In addition to H2O2, other reagents are also able to transform the compositions of the coal matrix. Zaixing Huang et al. (Huang, Urynowicz, and Colberg 2013a, 2013b) used HNO3 and KMnO4 to pretreat coal to enhance its solubility. Peracetic acid solution is often employed for oxidation and modification (Fang et al. 2017). Stephen R. Palmer et al. (Palmer, Hippo, and Dorai 1994, 1995) found that the peracetic acid solution could remove the sulfur element from the coal. The removal efficiency augmented with the increase of temperatures and reaction time, but it also led to a higher dissolving rate of the coal matrix. H2O2, HNO3, KMnO4 and CH₃COOOH are also employed to oxidize the surface of carbon nanotubes (Chen, Chen, and Ma 2012). Besides, S2O82- was also proved to be a kind of effective oxidant (Yao et al. 2019).