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Coating Defects and Inspection
Published in Karan Sotoodeh, Coating Application for Piping, Valves and Actuators in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, 2023
The relationship between the dry and wet coating film is changed if thinner is added to the coating, as per Equation 4.3. Paint thinner is a kind of solvent that dissolves in the coating to reduce the viscosity of the paint.
A review of strategies for the detection and remediation of organotin pollution
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
Christopher Finnegan, David Ryan, Anne-Marie Enright, Guiomar Garcia-Cabellos
Solvent extraction is an efficient, economically robust treatment for removal of OTCs from water (>99.9%) that can operate in hostile dockyard environments. Solvents such as ether, paint thinner, toluene, slops oil, crude oil, ship, and car diesel can be obtained cheaply and can achieve practical results. In addition, it is possible to recycle diesel oil after extraction for low to no cost for materials. A study by Song et al. (2005) achieved a significant reduction of TBT using ship diesel (10 mL/L) with agitation for the treatment of ship hull wastewater. TBT was rapidly extracted from approximately 4000 µg/L to 2.8 µg/L after 1 hr and was further decreased to 0.8 µg/L after 5 hr of extraction. Abbott et al. (2000) improved the previous design for treating TBT-contaminated wastewaters and successfully tested in prototype at full scale. Their investigation resulted in the reduction of TBT concentrations from 2,000,000 to 200 ng/L (Abbott et al., 2000).
Exposure to organic solvents and hepatotoxicity
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Cristiano Brauner, Dvora Joveleviths, Mário R. Álvares-da-Silva, Norma Marroni, Silvia Bona, Elizângela Schemitt, Raissa Nardi
Halifeoglu (2000), by studying a group of 18 painters, assessed the effect of paint thinner (mixture of solvents in which toluene predominates) on oxidative stress: similarly to our study, there was an elevation of TBARS, SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), indicating oxidative stress. [40] Moro et al.(2012) also demonstrated a significant increase of TBARS in the blood of painters, linking the damage to the biological membranes to the possible toxic effect resulting from the biotransformation of toluene into toxic metabolites. [38] Exposure to toluene has shown, both in vivo and in vitro, that it can cause oxidative stress. [41]
Gelation-based visual detection of analytes
Published in Soft Materials, 2019
Wangkhem Paikhomba Singh, Rajkumar Sunil Singh
A summary of reports on gelation-based visual detection of metal ions is given in Table 1. McNeil’s group has reported that some quinoxalinone derivatives can form gels selectively with Hg2+ ions but not with other metal ions (27). The Hg-quinoxalinone complex, 1b, was able to gel different concentrations of methanol/water mixtures. Gelation can also be induced by addition of an aqueous solution of Hg(OAc)2 to the non-gelling precursor molecule 1a dissolved in methanol. Other metal ions like Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ag+ failed to bring about gelation. The limit of detection was calculated to be ~4000 ppm. In a subsequent work, different analogs of this gelator were synthesized and explored for remediation of Hg2+ contaminated water through Hg2+-induced gelation (28). The analog, 7-bromoquinoxalin-2(1H)-one, was able to remove >98% of Hg2+ from contaminated water sources. The same group has also developed a visual sensor for lead (Pb) present in paints (29). By screening the Cambridge Structural Database, a database for crystal structures of compounds, the authors were able to identify molecular scaffolds from known crystal structures that can potentially promote gelation in the presence of lead. 2b, a dibenzylcarbamodithiol-Pb complex, formed gels in acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and paint thinner. In the presence of different lead salts, the precursor non-gelling 2a (sodium dibenzylcarbamodithioate salt) formed gels through the in situ formation of the lead-complex 2b. On the other hand, salts of Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ failed to form gels under the same conditions.