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Biofuels Production from Renewable Energy Sources
Published in Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi, Fundamentals of Biofuel Production Processes, 2019
Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a mixture based on boiling points by means of evaporating and then condensing the vapor into liquid. In steam distillation, steam is supplied as a means of heat to evaporate heat sensitive compounds at lower temperatures. The end product is a two-phase system with a fraction of water and the organic distillate. The desired component from the two-phase system can be separated using partitioning, decantation, or any other suitable method. This process is extensively used in industries to extract oils from plants (e.g., eucalyptus oil and orange oil are produced commercially using the steam distillation method). Distillation also is used for obtaining distilled beverages from fermented products or for producing bio-oil after pyrolysis as explained in the following sections (Naik et al. 2010).
NanoemulsionsPreparation, Stability, and Application in Food
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Parthasarathi, Food Nanotechnology, 2019
P. Karthik, Sayantani Dutta, C. Anandharamakrishnan
Dickinson (2003) stated that Ostwald ripening generally occurs in beverage emulsions, i.e. water-soluble flavor oils, short-chain triglycerides, and essential oils (orange oil, D-limonene, lemon oil, etc.); however, it does not happen in dairy-based emulsions due to the presence of water-insoluble triglyceride oils. Hence, nanoemulsion instability can be prevented by the addition of a ripening inhibitor (non-polar molecule) which is soluble in oil and insoluble in the water phase, such as long-chain triacylglycerol (corn oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, fish oil, etc.) (McClements and Rao, 2011; Li et al., 2009). Ziani et al. (2011) observed the increase in mean particle diameter, creaming and oiling off in thyme oil nanoemulsions during three days of storage. It was highly prone to Ostwald ripening due to high water solubility, rapid creaming, and low density. However, the addition of more than 75% corn oil (a hydrophobic material with low water solubility) into nanoemulsion prohibited Ostwald ripening. Similarly, Wooster et al. (2008) reported the influence of long-chain triglycerides (i.e. peanut oil) and n-alkane oil on Ostwald ripening of nanoemulsion. It was observed that nanoemulsion prepared with peanut oil (120 nm) was stable for more than three months of storage without Ostwald ripening. Conversely, n-alkane (tributyrin) nanoemulsion showed higher Ostwald ripening rate. Therefore, adding peanut oil into the soluble n-alkane oil (tricaprylin) emulsion made it more stable against Ostwald ripening and thermodynamic property in the emulsion system. The large molar volume of long-chain triglycerides (LCT) oils provides a kinetic barrier to Ostwald ripening.
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Published in Joseph C. Salamone, Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, 2020
Terpenes (C10H16-based compounds) are natural substances that provide plants and flowers with much of their fragrance. Some natural terpenes are hydrocarbons. Others are oxygenated compounds, such as alcohols, acids, or aldehydes. Typical examples of the natural appearance of hydrocarbons (or the oxygenated compounds of this family of C10H16 substances) are α- and β-pinene (turpentine oil), myrcene (bayberry), limonene (orange oil), citronellol (rose oil), linalool (flowers of ylang ylang), geraniol (gingergrass), menthol (Japanese peppermint oil), and citral (lemon grass and lemon oil).
Experimental study on combustion characteristics of a CI engine runs on a renewable fuel
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
P. Niklesh Reddy, Naseem Khayum, Santosh Kumar Paruvada, Abhijeet Killol, S. Murugan
The fuel used in the experiment was orange oil, which is produced from the rind of citrus fruits. Figure 1 portrays the molecular structure of orange oil. The major chemical components of orange oil are citronellal, myrcene, linalool, neral limonene, sabinene, geranial and a-pinene. Orange oil has D-Limonene (C10H16) as a major component. Orange oil is extracted from its peel by cold-pressing and yields 0.3–0.5% of the total yield of the citrus. The chemical composition of the orange oil is given in Table 1. The comparison of physiochemical properties of orange oil and diesel are depicted in Table 2.
Pursuance and influence assessment of nanoadditives blended biodiesel fuelled in a di diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
K. Yoganand, Suriya Elango, C. B. Sai Srivathsan, K. Hussain, B. Krishna Chaitanya
Orange oil is essentially utilised in perfumery because of lovely smell, it additionally is seen that they are utilised in sustenance items, for example, desserts, refreshments and cakes. It is a standout amongst the most normally utilised basic oils in sustenance enterprises. They are additionally used to season disagreeable medications in pharmaceutical enterprises to make them simpler to devour.