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Coastal and Estuarine Waters: Light Behavior
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Coastal and Marine Environments, 2020
Phytoplankton have a major effect on ocean color as they are a major absorber of light in estuarine, coastal, and open ocean environments. Phytoplankton possess chlorophyll, a pigment that allows them to harvest the sunlight and through the process of photosynthesis produce energy. Chlorophylls cause two dominant peaks in the absorption spectra: a primary peak in the blue region (at 440 nm) and a secondary absorption peak in the red region of the spectra (at 675 nm) (Figure 3.4). Other pigments that are present (depending on species and taxa) will cause the broadening of the blue peak and the appearance of additional absorption maxima (Figure 3.5). Spectra of phytoplankton absorption varies in magnitude and shape due to different cellular pigment compositions and pigment packaging.[11−16] Specific pigment-protein complexes present in the cell will cause changes in absorption spectra and magnitudes. Furthermore, the increase in cellular pigment concentration and cell size (i.e., packaging effect) will flatten the specific absorption spectra.[17−20] As the concentration of phytoplankton changes in a water body, changes in the different regions of the absorption spectra allow coastal scientists to create algorithms (step-by-step procedures) that can estimate chlorophyll abundance from Rrs.
Satellite Imaging and Sensing
Published in John G. Webster, Halit Eren, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 2017
Ocean color data are critical for the study of global biogeochemistry and to determine the ocean’s role in the global carbon cycle and the exchange of other critical elements and gases between the atmosphere and the ocean [35,36]. It is thought that marine plants remove carbon from the atmosphere at a rate equivalent to terrestrial plants, but knowledge of interannual variability is very poor. For most oceans, the color observed by satellite in the visible part of the spectrum varies with the concentration of chlorophyll and other plant pigments present in the water. Subtle changes in ocean color usually indicate various types and quantities of microscopic marine plants (i.e., phytoplankton are present in the water); the more phytoplankton present, the greater the concentration of plant pigments and the greener the water.
Optical remote sensing of marine, coastal, and inland waters
Published in P. Dakin John, G. W. Brown Robert, Handbook of Optoelectronics, 2017
The abundance of phytoplankton is a direct indicator of the seas’ ability to support life. Phytoplankton is the “grass of the sea,” the basis of the marine food web. They also supply much of the world’s oxygen. Hence, ocean color measurements provide essential basic information for marine ecological studies, fisheries science, and conservation. Global monitoring of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations was the first, and most important of the “ocean color” applications. It dictated the wavebands chosen for CZCS and SeaWiFS, and the need for continuity of measurements for long-term monitoring ensured that broadly similar wavebands were included in all later ocean color sensors.
Modelling of marine ecosystem in regional scale for short term prediction of satellite-aided operational fishery advisories
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2019
Kunal Chakraborty, Sourav Maity, Aneesh A. Lotliker, Alakes Samanta, Jayashree Ghosh, Nagaraja Kumar Masuluri, Naga Swetha, Rose P. Bright
The biological productivity is considered to be higher in regions where strong SST fronts are observed. These are the regions where SST gradients are large and rapid change is taking place in SST. The high resolution infrared daily SST data are used to identify such regions. Apart from this, the chlorophyll data which is sensed by the satellite as ocean colour is used as a direct marker of biological productivity. Regions in which SST gradients occur along with a higher chlorophyll concentration are considered to be strong potential for fishing. Again, the advection of the fronts by the large scale flow leads to increased productivity in and around the frontal regime. ESSO-INCOIS relies on the above principle for generation of PFZ advisories.
Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2018
Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith, Ananda Pascual, Pierre Brasseur, Katja Fennel, Samy Djavidnia, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Emmanuelle Autret, Lars Axell, Roland Aznar, Mario Benincasa, Abderahim Bentamy, Fredrik Boberg, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Vittorio E. Brando, Clément Bricaud, Lars-Anders Breivik, Robert J.W. Brewin, Arthur Capet, Adrien Ceschin, Stefania Ciliberti, Gianpiero Cossarini, Marta de Alfonso, Alvaro de Pascual Collar, Jos de Kloe, Julie Deshayes, Charles Desportes, Marie Drévillon, Yann Drillet, Riccardo Droghei, Clotilde Dubois, Owen Embury, Hélène Etienne, Claudia Fratianni, Jesús García Lafuente, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Riccardo Gerin, Simon Good, Jérome Gourrion, Marilaure Grégoire, Eric Greiner, Stéphanie Guinehut, Elodie Gutknecht, Fabrice Hernandez, Olga Hernandez, Jacob Høyer, Laura Jackson, Simon Jandt, Simon Josey, Mélanie Juza, John Kennedy, Zoi Kokkini, Gerasimos Korres, Mariliis Kõuts, Priidik Lagemaa, Thomas Lavergne, Bernard le Cann, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux-Dudon, Bruno Levier, Vidar Lien, Ilja Maljutenko, Fernando Manzano, Marta Marcos, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, Michael Mayer, Angelique Melet, Frédéric Mélin, Benoit Meyssignac, Maeva Monier, Malte Müller, Sandrine Mulet, Cristina Naranjo, Giulio Notarstefano, Aurélien Paulmier, Begoña Pérez Gomez, Irene Pérez Gonzalez, Elisaveta Peneva, Coralie Perruche, K. Andrew Peterson, Nadia Pinardi, Andrea Pisano, Silvia Pardo, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Roshin P. Raj, Urmas Raudsepp, Michaelis Ravdas, Rebecca Reid, Marie-Hélène Rio, Stefano Salon, Annette Samuelsen, Michela Sammartino, Simone Sammartino, Anne Britt Sandø, Rosalia Santoleri, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Simona Simoncelli, Cosimo Solidoro, Ad Stoffelen, Andrea Storto, Tanguy Szerkely, Susanne Tamm, Steffen Tietsche, Jonathan Tinker, Joaquín Tintore, Ana Trindade, Daphne van Zanten, Luc Vandenbulcke, Anton Verhoef, Nathalie Verbrugge, Lena Viktorsson, Karina von Schuckmann, Sarah L. Wakelin, Anna Zacharioudaki, Hao Zuo
Ocean colour and phytoplankton (Section 1.5) are recognised as Essential Climate Variables because of the role of phytoplankton in the ocean carbon cycle; their role as the primary producers of the pelagic ocean, responsible for producing some 50 gigatons of carbon per year globally through photosynthesis; their influence on the rate of penetration of solar radiation in the ocean, through modification of the light attenuation coefficient by their absorption and scattering of light underwater; and their place at the base of the entire marine food web.