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Recent Advancement and Combination of Different Molecular Tools and Techniques for Applications in Wastewater Treatment
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Wastewater Treatment, 2022
Ritwija Bhattacharya, Indraneel Rakshit, Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay, Pritha Bhattacharjee
RNA-SIP follows the same principle as DNA-SIP, although it has several advantages over the DNA-SIP process. First, RNA has a better synthesis rate than DNA; second, RNA also provides sequence-based resolution; and most importantly, the appearance of 13C RNA is more rapid than the 13C DNA and better disappearance of the substrate was observed (Chao et al. 2016). RNA is extracted by density separation and sequenced for the phylogenetic affiliation. RNA-SIP has recently gained popularity in WWTP for the identification of phenol-degrading bacteria found in aerobic sludge belonging to genera Microbulbifer, Pelagiobacter, Pseudomonas, and Thauera in the synthetic coke-oven of WWTPs. SIP helped to identify 13C-labeled carbon atoms in the side chain of 4-nonylphenol-assimilating bacteria. Nonylphenol is a mimicking compound of the natural hormone, 17β-estradiol, which is responsible for disrupting the endocrine system in aquatic organisms. For the identification of the acetate-degrading bacterial community under the methanogenic condition in anaerobic sludge digester, 16S rRNA gene sequencing has also been combined with RNA-SIP. This process is an excellent approach for the identification of glucose-fermenting bacteria present in full-scale EBPR plants. Also, several other bacterial populations in activated sludge, such as long-chain fatty acid-degrading anaerobic bacteria and nitrifying bacteria Nitrospira, have been successfully characterized by SIP (Neufeld et al. 2007).
Proteases in Leather Processing
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Industrial Biotechnology, 2017
Vasudeo P. Zambare, Smita S. Nilegaonkar
Lipases are enzymes that specifically degrade fat. Lipases hydrolyze not just the fat on the outside of the hides and skins, but also the fat inside the skin structure. Once most of the natural fat has been removed, subsequent chemical treatments such as tanning, re-tanning and dyeing have a better effect. Lipases represent a more environmentally sound method of removing fat. For bovine hides, lipases allow tensides to be replaced completely. For sheepskins, which contain up to 40% fat, the use of solvents is very common and these can also be replaced with lipases and surfactants. Solvents tend to dry out the skin and give it a pale color. If surfactants are used for sheepskins, they are usually not as effective and may be harmful to the environment. Stronger surfactants such as nonylphenol ethoxylate have a better effect but they are more detrimental to the environment. When using lipases, the original surfactant dosage can be reduced by at least 50% in the case of both sheepskins and pigskins. In addition, nonylphenol ethoxylate can be substituted with more biodegradable surfactants.
2 Activity for Wastewater Treatment
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
Shipra Mital Gupta, Babita Sharma, S.K. Sharma
Textile industry is counted under the most polluting industries, which discharges persistent and high toxic chemicals in the surroundings (Hasanbeigi and Price 2015). According to the reported data, nonylphenol ethoxylates are extensively utilized as washing, auxiliaries in wool scouring, printing, dyeing, detergents, and hydrogen peroxide bleaching in textile industries (Ho and Watanabe 2017). Brigden et al. (2013) reported the existence of nonylphenol ethoxylates in most of the textile products and its lower concentration in the products involves the high release of it into the effluent. Nonylphenols are persistent at different points in the surroundings. Meanwhile, these have a high affinity toward sewage sludge, soil, sediment (Ahel et al. 1994), and also lipids (Ademollo et al. 2008). Therefore, it was found that it mounted up in organisms (Ying and Fate 2006). According to the reported data, nonylphenol ethoxylates have severe effects on the human being as well as on animals since they are indirectly responsible for the endocrine disruptor, especially nonylphenol (Ho and Watanabe 2017). Researchers have found the adversarial effects of nonylphenol on the immune, central nervous system, and reproductive systems of human beings, birds, rats, and fish, possibly aberrations in offspring and embryos (Cosnefroy et al. 2009, Mao et al. 2010, Vosges et al. 2012). According to the study of Kim et al. (2016), Forte et al. (2016) on carcinogenic materials, it was found that nonylphenol has the potential to cause prostate cancer and breast cancer in men and women, respectively. So, in regards to the adverse effects on human beings and on the surroundings, nonylphenol has been categorized as a significant hazardous material under the Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Council and Parliament (European parliament and council 2008). According to their reports, the normal yearly level of nonylphenol must not go beyond 0.3 μg/L.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
APEOs are synthetic compounds and they are never produced naturally. Ethoxylates with less than five ethylene oxide residues linked together are water insoluble while the higher oligomers are water soluble and hydrophilic in nature (Ahel & Giger, 1993). Alkylphenol ethoxylates, on degradation, lose most of the EO units, the final breakdown products being alkylphenoxy carboxylic acids and APs as shown in Figure 2 (Renner, 1997). Many studies have been done to assess the levels of AP and APEO in waste-water discharges, water sediments and live organisms. The APs resulting from degradation of the detergents are found to cause endocrine disruption. They are able to accumulate in several aquatic species, including aquatic plants, algae and fish (Lintelmann, Katayama, Kurihara, Shore, & Wenzel, 2003). Endocrine disruptors are substances that mimic hormones and thus interfere with their functions in the endocrine system of the human body. For example, 4-nonylphenol mimics oestradiol (a female hormone) and thus affects the development, reproductive, neural and immunity systems in human beings. APEOs are not only hormone disruptors and toxic to aquatic organisms, but also have a destructive action on the upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin of living beings. Nonylphenol moderately bio-accumulates and is extremely toxic to aquatic animals. Human exposure to nonylphenol and octylphenol may cause testicular damage, decreased testicular size, decreased sperm production and dysfunction of male reproduction system.
Carbon quantum dots functionalized agarose gel matrix for in solution detection of nonylphenol
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Sanju Singh, Preeti Nigam, Aisha Pednekar, Souvik Mukherjee, Abhishek Mishra
Nonylphenol is produced in large volumes as industrial waste which leads to its widespread release to the aquatic environment leading to its high detection in high concentration levels in sediments, soils, water and sludge [10]. Nonylphenol is persistent in the environment, moderately bioaccumulative and extremely toxic to aquatic organisms. Nonylphenol is a potent endocrine disrupter and can severely affect the developmental stages of fishes and other marine organisms. Despite its ubiquitous presence in various environments, the most common method for nonylphenol detection is Soxhlet extraction, solid phase extraction, super critical liquid extraction, capillary/ anion exchange column, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography separation followed by mass spectrometry [11–16]. In this report, we show that CQDs prepared from algal source have an immense potential as nanosensor for nonylphenol detection. These nanosensors allow simple, cost effective and rapid detection of nonylphenol in aquatic environments without the usage of any sophisticated instrument.
Effects of the endocrine disruptor 4-nonylphenol on the demography of rotifers Plationus patulus and Brachionus havanaensis: a multigenerational study
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Brenda Karen González-Pérez, S. S. S. Sarma, María Elena Castellanos-Páez, S. Nandini
Survivorship and reproduction-related life history variables of organisms may be affected depending on the nature of the chemical compounds and their mode of action.[73,74] 4-nonylphenol is considered one of the most detected organic pollutants in wastewaters, effluents, rivers, drinking water reservoirs.[63,75,76] Both in vivo and in vitro assays have shown that 4-nonylphenol has estrogenic activities, causing a great variety of adverse effects, including disturbance of gonadal sex differentiation and reproduction.[77] Because scarce data is available on the effects of 4-nonylphenol on zooplankton, specially, rotifers, further research is needed to identify the mechanisms of its action. Despite being primitive, rotifers do suffer from emerging contaminants that mimic or interfere with endocrine signals, and these seem to have a key role in regulating rotifer physiology, development, and life history variables.[78] In this respect, the work of Gallardo et al. is significant.[79] They demonstrated that the presence of vertebrate and invertebrate hormones had effects on parameters such as population growth rate, sexual female production, and body size of rotifers. Our results indicate that 4-nonylphenol can interfere with endocrine signaling at concentrations used for both P. patulus and B. havanaensis, causing reduction in survivorship and reproduction-related variables, in F0 and F1 generations. Nevertheless, the survivorship of F1 of both rotifer species was more affected than F0 as compared to reproduction. This is in agreement with previous work which indicated reduction in fertilization and resting egg production in B. calyciflorus exposed to low concentrations of nonylphenol.[78]