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Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Remediation: Synthesis, Application and Environmental Fate
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
Jigneshkumar V. Rohit, Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta
Organic pollutants are products/byproducts of chemical industries and major sources of water pollution. As they are highly toxic molecules, their degradation/removal from water resources is a necessary task. 4-Nitrophenol and its derivatives are commonly found to toxic molecules in water bodies as they are used by many industries as an intermediate in the preparation of many drugs, dyes and pesticides. But this nitrogen-based organic compounds are highly health hazardous and cause skin irritation, dermatitis, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, colic, corneal and liver damage (Bamba et al. 2017). Also, nitro-containing aromatic molecules show mutagenic and carcinogenic activity due to their easy conversion into their N-hydroxy and nitroso derivatives. The use of NMs for the conversion of toxic substances into environmentally friendly molecules is the simplest way to remove/degrade 4-nitrophenol and their derivatives from water samples (Chen et al. 2016).
Environmental Aspects and Analysis of Phenols in the Aquatic Environment
Published in B. K. Afghan, Alfred S. Y. Chau, Analysis of Trace Organics in the Aquatic Environment, 2017
Renberg15 has classified and summarized the toxicity of environmentally important phen ols, including their persistence, bioaccumulation, and other properties. The following general statements on the toxicity, persistence, biodegradation, and bioaccumulation were made15: The hydrocarbon based phenols are usually less toxic than chloro or nitrophenols.Chlorinated phenols are more toxic and persistent.Nitrophenols are the most toxic among the phenols, however, these seem to readily biodegrade through reduction to corresponding amines.Phenol toxicity increases with increasing acid strength.Alkylphenols are relatively biodegradable with the exception of those phenols that have sterically hindered hydroxy groups which makes them more persistent to biodegradation.Persistence and biodegradation of phenols increase with increasing lipophilicity as shown in Figure 3.15Highly chlorinated phenols are readily accumulated in aquatic organisms. Biomagnification factors ranging between 200 to 300 have been reported for highly substituted phenols. This points out the need for sensitive analytical methods for various compartments of the aquatic environment. Figure 3 provides a general comparison for three types of phenols.
Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol over biostabilized gold nanoparticles supported onto thioctic acid functionalized silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles and optimization using response surface methodology
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Nur Fadzilah Abd Razak, Mustaffa Shamsuddin
4-Nitrophenol and its derivatives are widely used in manufacturing industries of pharmaceutical,[1] synthetic dyestuff, herbicide, and insecticide.[2] The release of 4-nitrophenol in high concentration into the water downstream can substantially damage the ecosystem as it is one of the most toxic and refractory pollutants.[3] Whereas, 4-aminophenol, which is the product from the reduction of 4-nitrophenol is less poisonous and has various applications such as in photography development of black and white films, corrosion inhibitor, drying agent, and serves as an important precursor for the manufacturing of the analgesic and antipyretic drugs.[4] Thus, the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol possesses a great implication from the point of pollution abatement and resources regeneration.
Horizontally rotating disc recirculated photoreactor with TiO2-P25 nanoparticles immobilized onto a HDPE plate for photocatalytic removal of p-nitrophenol
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Mohammad A. Behnajady, Hojjat Dadkhah, Hamed Eskandarloo
Wastewater produced from industries constitutes one of the largest group of pollutants, which is a serious threat to the environment [1–3]. A major point of concern has been the removal of dyes due to their potential toxicity and visibility in running waters [4–8]. Nitrophenols are some of the refractory pollutants with high toxicity and carcinogenic characters. The release of these organic compounds into the environment causes severe ecological problems, damage to the ecosystem, and human health [9]. Various physical, chemical, and biological processes are used for removal of organic compounds from water [10,11]. In these traditional treatment technologies, pollutants are only transferred from one phase to another [12].
NiFe2O4 nanomagnets prepared through a microwave autocombustion route as an efficient recoverable adsorbent for 2-nitrophenol removal
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Maher Darwish, Qazale Sadr Manuchehri, Ali Mohammadi, Navid Assi
Nitrophenolic compounds constitute a class of widely discharged water pollutants. Due to their high toxicity, weak biodegradability, and large accumulation in the environment, these compounds were considered priority toxic pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US.EPA 1980; Bada et al. 2013). Nitrophenols are used in a wide range of versatile industries such as chemicals, pesticides, fungicides, pharmaceuticals, leathers, rubber, etc (Busca et al. 2008; Darwish et al. 2017). The main reason behind the difficult biodegradation of these compounds is the presence of strong electron-withdrawing group (–NO2) which reinforces the stability of the aromatic ring (Sadr Manuchehri et al. 2016).