China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
*
Published in Maurizio Cumo, Antonio Naviglio, Safety Design Criteria for Industrial Plants, 2019
Claudia Bartolomei, Sergio Paribelli
Toxicity — Picric acid may affect the body via inhalation, oral, or subcutaneous routes, or if it comes in contact with the eyes or skin. Exposure in industry is by skin contact or by inhalation of the dust of picric acid or its salts. The toxicology is of practical importance in the manufacture of munitions. The face is usually involved, especially around the mouth and sides of the nose. Toxic doses cause destruction of the erythrocytes and produce gastroenteritis, hemorrhagic nephritis, and acute hepatitis. The ingestion of 1 or 2 g in man causes severe poisoning. Picric acid dust causes sensitization, dermatitis, or allergic skin rashes. Preclude from exposure those individuals with diseases of liver, kidneys, and blood. Annual medical procedures should be made available to exposed personnel. TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m3 (skin); TLV-STEL: 0.3 mg/m3 (skin); and OSHA standard air TWA: 0.1 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-h work shift.
Coal-Tar Colours
Published in Robert Routledge, Discoveries and Inventions of the Ninteenth Century, 2018
When phenol is acted upon by nitric acid new compounds are produced, standing in the same relation to phenol as nitro-benzol does to benzol. The final result of the action of nitric acid on phenol is picric acid, called also “carbazotic acid,” and, more systematically, “tri-nitro-phenol;” for it is regarded as phenol in which three of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by the group NO2 thus, C6H2(NO2)3 OH. It forms bright yellow-coloured crystals, and its solution readily imparts a bright pure yellow colour to wool, silk, &c. It received the name of picric acid (πικρος, bitter) from the exceedingly bitter taste of even an extremely diluted solution. It is said that picric acid is employed as an adulterant in bitter ale instead of hops. Now, the colouring power of picric acid is so great, that even the minute quantity which could be used to impart bitterness to beer is recognizable by dipping a piece of white wool into the beer, when, if picric acid be present, the wool acquires a clear yellow tint. Besides its employment as a yellow, it is useful for procuring green tints by combination with the blues. Picric acid again furnishes, by treatment with cyanide of potassium, a deep red colour, consisting of an acid which, when combined with ammonia, furnishes a magnificent colouring material—which is, in fact, murexide, a dye identical with the famous Tyrian purple of the ancients, and formerly obtainable only from certain kinds of shell-fish.
Foiled terrorist plots
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Law enforcement agencies have had some success in infiltrating the militant organizations and through intelligence have foiled several potential bombing incidents. In Arizona during July 1996, 13 people were arrested for plotting to bomb state and federal government buildings in Arizona. They were charged with conspiracy to commit civil disorder and with firearms violations. All were reported to be members of the “Viper Militia.” Police seized over 400 pounds of ammonium nitrate and other bomb-making components. Picric acid was found at one of the locations. It was used during World War II for making the grenades. Picric acid is a high explosive, closely related to TNT in its potential power. The group was not suspected of any connection with the Oklahoma City bombing or the derailment of the Amtrak Sunset Limited in the Arizona desert.
Pyridyl-imidazole copper compounds
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2023
Alma Araujo Martinez, Christopher P. Landee, Diane A. Dickie, Jan L. Wikaira, Fan Xiao, Mark M. Turnbull
Relevant trends in hydrogen bonding for comparison for 1 include hydrogen bonds with chloride acceptors and bifurcated hydrogen bonds in imidazole-containing structures. Chloride ions coordinated to transition metal ions are good acceptors for hydrogen bonding, and even in traditional hydrogen bonds, a significant number of these structures have long H⋯Cl distances [29]. A statistical study on the Cambridge Crystallographic Database (CSD) in the late 1990s showed that 42.6% of structures containing traditional hydrogen bonds of the form N-H⋯Cl-M have H⋯Cl distances between 2.52 Å and 2.95 Å [29]. Bifurcated hydrogen bonds have been reported to form in compounds containing protonated imidazole. In the imidazole-4-acetic acid/picric acid complex, a bifurcated bond forms between the N-H from the imidazole and oxygen atoms from nitro and phenol groups [30]. In 5H-imidazo[4,5-f][1-10]phenanthroline, a bifurcated bond forms between the N-H from the imidazole ring and the nitrogen atoms of the phenanthroline ring of the adjacent molecules [31].
3,5-Diethyl-2r,6c-di(4-chlorophenyl)piperidin-4-one picrate: synthesis, spectral, biological, DFT, ADME and molecular docking studies
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
S. Savithiri, S. Bharanidharan, G. Rajarajan, P. Sugumar, M. Arockia Doss
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds especially piperidine-4-ones presumably are gaining considerable importance owing to varied biological properties [1–7]. The relative chemical shift order of equatorial and axial protons in the normal chair conformation of cyclohexane and its derivatives (deq > dax) are considered as caused by magnetic anisotropic effect of the C–C single bonds. Picric acid derivatives are also used as burn treatments, antiseptics and astringents [8]. Picrate crystals are of great interest due to their attractive nonlinear optical properties. The largest impact is currently being used to monitor nonlinear optical (NLO) substances that provide an array of prospective points of view in a variety of disciplines, including optical computing, telecommunications, optical energy limitation, optical data processing and optical data storage [9–13]. The nucleophilic addition of piperidin-4-one to picric acid has been explored in this study. Picric acid forms crystalline picrates of various organic molecules through ionic, hydrogen bonding and π–π* interactions [14]. It is known that picric acid acts not only as an acceptor to form different π stacking complexes with other aromatic molecules but also as an acidic ligand to form salts during specific electrostatic or hydrogen bond interactions [15,16].
Synthesis, spectral characterisations of 3t-pentyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-one oxime picrates: DFT studies and potent anti-microbial agents
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
S. Savithiri, G. Rajarajan, S. Bharanidharan, M. Arockia doss
It has been discovered that a number of 2,6-disubstituted derivatives of piperidones have beneficial biological properties, including herbicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, bacterialicidal, anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, hypertensive, anticancer, CNS stimulant, depressant and nerved activities [10–19]. Human therapy uses derivatives of picric acid including the treatment of burns and as an antiseptic and astringent [20]. In the present study, the 3t-pentyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-one oxime picrates were synthesised and characterised by elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR, UV–Visible and Fluorescence spectral techniques. The quantum chemical calculations of compounds (1–7) were evaluated by the density functional theory (DFT) method with the help of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The optimised geometrical parameters of the compounds (1–7) were calculated at the same level of theory. The NLO activities of compounds (1–7) were obtained from molecular polarisabilities based on DFT calculations. HOMO–LUMO energy gap and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces of compounds (1–7) were also calculated and analysed in detail. Moreover, antimicrobial studies were discussed and reported in detail.