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Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy
Published in Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao, Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis, 2007
Heather D. Stockdale, Jennifer A. Spencer, Byron L. Blagburn
This is a nitrothiazole benzamide compound first synthesized by Rossignol in 1976 with a wide spectrum of activity against protozoan, helminthic, and bacterial pathogens, including flagellates, coccidians, amoebae, nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes (Rossignol and Maisonneuve, 1984; Rossignol et al., 1984). In 2002, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved nitazoxanide for the treatment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia intestinalis infections in children and, in 2004, approved it for the treatment of Giardia in adults (Fox and Saravolatz, 2005). In 2005, nitazoxanide was approved for treatment of Cryptosporidium infections in adults and teens (Freid, 2005). This drug is available in both oral and tablet formulations (Fox and Saravolatz, 2005), The recommended dosage for children between 12 and 47 months is 100 mg twice a day for 3 days, and 200 mg twice a day for 3 days for children 4 to 11 years old. Adults should take 500 mg twice a day for 3 days (Fox and Saravolatz, 2005; Freid, 2005). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated that nitazoxanide had an 81% clinical cure rate and a 67% parasitologic cure rate 7 days after the initial treatment (Rossignol et al., 2001).
Cryptosporidium sp. findings in AIDS patients: A case report
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
D.M. Darlan, M.F. Rozi, R.H. Saragih
Nutritional support and replacement of fluid therapy are vital in immunocompromised hosts infected by this organism. Anti-motility drugs, such as loperamide or diphenoxylate/ atropine, can be used to relieve symptoms related to abdominal cramp and diarrhoea (Spark et al., 2015). Nitazoxanide has been approved by the FDA for treatment of cryptosporidium. However, clinical studies have shown that nitazoxanide has failed to eradicate this organism in the immunocompromised population and malnourished children (Checkley et al., 2015). Azithromycin, spiramycin and bovine anti-cryptosporidium immunoglobulin were considered as treatment for cryptosporidiosis, unfortunately, all were not superior to a placebo in AIDS patients (Cabada & White, 2010).
Enhancing the solubility of nitazoxanide with solid dispersions technique: formulation, evaluation, and cytotoxicity study
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Shikha Sood, Balaji Maddiboyina, Pinki Rawat, Ashish Kumar Garg, Ahmed I. Foudah, Aftab Alam, Hibah M. Aldawsari, Yassine Riadi, Sima Singh, Prashant Kesharwani
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a synthetic nitrothiazole derivative with a broad range of application against protozoa, gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and viruses . It is the first and remains the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment therapy for Cryptosporidium infection [1]. However, it has been reported as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of numerous diseases, but the low aqueous solubility (0.00755âmg/mL) and low bioavailability limits its applications. NTZ is a class II drug according to the criteria established by the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) [2]. It might result in poor dissolution rate and requirement of high doses for treatment [3].