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Electrochromics for Smart Windows
Published in Chander Prakash, Sunpreet Singh, J. Paulo Davim, Functional and Smart Materials, 2020
A. Henni, Y. Bouznit, D. Zerrouki, D. Selloum
NiO has been studied for more than 30 years. Lampert et al., in 1985, revealed the EC properties of NiO in a basic electrolyte (KOH). The reaction is based on the fact that the transformation of nickel oxide (NiO) into nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) is spontaneous in an alkaline solution. These authors qualified its favourable EC properties for the application of smart windows and associated the colour change of the NiO thin film with the following reaction [79]: Ni(OH)2→NiOOH+ H++ e−
Modular Systems for Energy and Fuel Storage
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Modular Systems for Energy Usage Management, 2020
The two main subtechnologies in the nickel-based family are nickel–cadmium (NiCd), which has been in commercial use since 1915, and nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), which became available around 1995. Nickel-based batteries are primarily used in portable electronics and EVs due to their high power density, cycle life, and round-trip efficiency. Only two operational projects have energy ratings ≫1 MWh. One of them provides electric supply reserve capacity in Alaska, and the other performs renewable capacity firming on Bonaire Island. Although Sandia laboratory states that Nickel-cadmium and nickel metal hydride deployments exist, in general, nickel-based technology is not yet competitive with other battery types. All nickel-based batteries employ a cathode of nickel hydroxide. Subcategories are classified according to anode composition: nickel–cadmium, nickel–iron, nickel–zinc, nickel–hydrogen, and nickel–metal hydride. The first three use a metallic anode; the last two have anodes that store hydrogen.
The fabrication of exfoliated graphite sheet-based air cathodes and gel electrolyte for metal-air batteries
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Recently, carbon-based materials were widely used as an air cathode in metal-air batteries, because of their high conductivity, lightweight, porous structure, environmental-friendly, and relatively low-cost. Consequently, carbon-based materials have significant advantages to be used in for energy storage devices (Chang et al. 2017, Xu et al. 2017). MnO2 have also been widely used as cathode material both in aqueous or non-aqueous batteries for a long time. The advantages of using MnO2 include higher dischargeability exhibits higher catalytic activity for oxygen reduction (Cao et al. 2003). Nickel hydroxide was used as the positive electrode for various rechargeable alkaline batteries because of its adequate redox voltage, good high rate dischargeability performance, wide working temperature, and relatively low cost (Young et al. 2017). Phosphorus (P), an element of the nitrogen group, has the same number of valence electrons as nitrogen and often shows similar chemical properties. It was reported that P doped carbon materials exhibit high electrocatalytic activity for ORR (Liu et al. 2014).
A facile hydrothermal reduction synthesis of multilayer flake Ag/Ni(OH)2 nanostructures and their electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of glucose
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Runhua Qin, Lingyun Hao, Qiutan Liu, Junying Ju, Zhaoyin Qi
In the solvothermal reaction process, nickel hydroxide is obtained by reacting nickel chloride hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide, there are many free hydroxyl groups on the surface of nickel hydroxide. Silver ions can react with free hydroxyl groups on the surface to bond to the surface of nickel hydroxide, PVP[30] as a surfactant and stabilizer, plays important roles in solvothermal processes, and the organic solvent DMF can reduce the silver ions in silver nitrate to silver, ensuring nucleation and growth to obtain the final Ag/Ni(OH)2 nanostructures.
A comprehensive review of different types of solar photovoltaic cells and their applications
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
Neelam Rathore, Narayan Lal Panwar, Fatiha Yettou, Amor Gama
Types of batteries (Pradhan, Ali, and Behera 2012): Lead acid battery: these are commonly used energy devices for storing energy. Lead acid batteries can be further categorised into flooded cell type or sealed/gel type. These batteries are available in 6 or 12 V type in a touch plastic container. The life cycles of this kind of battery are 250–750 cycles and has a specific energy of 25–35 Wh/Kg.Nickel cadmium batteries: In the Ni–Cd battery, cadmium and nickel hydroxide are used for making positive electrode and the negative electrode, respectively. Both positive and negative electrodes are parted by nylon separators which are kept dipped in potassium hydroxide electrolyte. The temperature tolerance is high as compared with lead acid batteries, it also has a longer life cycle.Nickel metal hydride batteries: It has high energy density as it is an extension of NiCd batteries. But NiCd is not used for making anode as in nickel cadmium batteries metal hydride is rather used. These have lifetime of 700 cycles.Lithium ion batteries: Compared with lead acid batteries these batteries have three times more energy. Cost wise these batteries are more costly than NiCd batteries.Lithium polymer batteries: In this battery the solid polymer electrolyte acts as both electrolyte and separator. The reaction between electrolyte and lithium electrode is less in this kind of battery. It has a lifetime of 1000 cycles.