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Batteries
Published in Dorin O. Neacşu, Automotive Power Systems, 2020
Despite the developments in sealed lead–acid batteries, these still have a drawback during a long non-operating interval. As an improvement, alkaline cells withstand better heavy discharge and overcharging, alternating with long non-operating periods. The alkaline batteries used for vehicle applications are generally the nickel–cadmium (Ni–Cd) type. A fully charged Ni–Cd cell contains a nickel–oxide–hydroxide positive electrode plate, a cadmium negative electrode plate, a separator, and an alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide). Nickel–oxide–hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NiO(OH). It is a black solid that is insoluble in all solvents but attacked by base and acid. These batteries use, as the electrolyte, a mix of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and water (H2O). At charging, the oxygen is moving from the negative plate to the positive plate, and the reverse is happening when discharging. When fully charged, the negative plate becomes pure cadmium and the positive plate becomes nickel hydrate. Another difference from conventional batteries demonstrates that a relative density reading will not indicate the state of charge since the electrolyte does not change during the reaction. The cell voltage of a fully charged alkaline cell is 1.4 V dc and falls rapidly to 1.3 V dc as soon as discharge starts. The cell is discharged at a cell voltage of 1.1 V dc.
Surface modification of ABS polymer by electroless deposition of thin nickel film from a solution without reducing agent
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2023
V. Chakarova, M. Petrova, E. Dobreva, D. Lazarova, M. Monev
The study is also relevant to another topic – in the past years considerable attention has been focused on the production and investigations of nickel oxide, hydroxide and oxy-hydroxide films, which are characterised by interesting properties, including electrocatalytic activity with respect to the reaction of oxygen evolution by electrolysis of water.16