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Eradication of Personal Care Products by Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
Rachna, Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani
Different behavior of triclosan at different pH values cause variation in its Dow value and hence the difference in bioaccumulation. Such that it accumulates more at higher pH values (Brausch and Rand 2011). Triclocarban with a concentration of around 6.8 µgL–1 has been observed in surface water. Till 2004, triclocarban concentration was in nanograms in the environment; however, its concentration has risen to significant levels over the last five years. Phenol and its substituted groups, such as 4-methylphenol and biphenylol, have been identified in surface water as high as 1.3 µgL–1 (Brausch and Rand 2011). Nitro musks have been found in more than 80% of river water samples and aquatic species of Japan with concentrations ranging from 26 to 36 ngL–1 (Yamagishi et al. 1983). Musk xylene and musk ketone were detected in 83 to 90% of effluents. In Germany, nitro (2 to 10 ngL–1) and polycyclic musks (2 to 300 ngL–1) were found in the river Elbe (Moldovan 2006). N, N-diethyl-metatoluamide has been used in more than 200 products in the US with annual usage ~1.8 million kg. It has been also found in waste water treatment plants and surface water (Glassmeyer et al. 2005, Sui et al. 2010). This PCP is persistent in water bodies but with lesser accumulation than fragrances and UV filters (Costanzo et al. 2007). The detected concentration of N, N-diethyl-metatoluamide is 0.2 µgL–1 in effluents and 55 ngL–1 in surface water. Beside this, 40% of surface water contained 1,4-dichlorobenzene (insect repellant) having 0.28 µgL–1 concentration in US (Glassmeyer et al. 2005).
Hazardous Materials Table
Published in E. Scott Dunlap, Motor Carrier Safety, 2020
A second use of italicized words is to provide two options for wording to record on shipping papers. For example, one entry in Column 2 of the Hazardous Materials Table is “5-tert-Butyl-2,4,6-trinitro-m-xylene or Musk xylene”. Another entry reads “Bromotrifluoromethane or Refrigerant gas, R 13B1”. In each situation you would have the opportunity to choose which entry you would prefer to appear on your shipping papers.
A critical review of environmental exposure, metabolic transformation, and the human health risks of synthetic musks
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Na Luo, Yanpeng Gao, Xiaoyi Chen, Mei Wang, Xiaolin Niu, Guiying Li, Taicheng An
Moreover, the log KOW and log KOA values of all SMs were estimated to range from 2 to 11 and 6 to 12 (Table S1), respectively, indicating that SMs tend to adsorb into sediment and accumulate in tissue (Czub and McLachlan 2004; Ding et al., 2020; Hua et al., 2022). Table S3 shows that bioconcentration factor (BCF) value of SMs varied considerably among different aquatic species, and the BCF values were related to the species’ total lipid content and their biotransformation levels (Gatermann et al., 2002; Hu et al., 2011; Lefebvre et al., 2017; Weeks et al., 2020). These results suggest that SMs undergo bioconcentration. The BCF of musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) was higher than that of HHCB and AHTN in the same species, possibly due to biotransformation rate (Gatermann et al., 2002). And according to EPI SuiteTM, the biotransformation rate constants were ranked as NMs (τ1/2 = 0.156–0.653 days) > PMs (τ1/2 = 2.739–11.17 days) (Table S2). Despite the lack of experimental data on the biotransformation of AMs and MMs, the predicted bio τ1/2 values of AMs (τ1/2 = 0.591–3.22 days) and MMs (τ1/2 = 2.113–5.747 days) imply relatively fast metabolism (Table S2). Overall, the environmental persistence and bioavailability of SMs can greatly influence their environmental fate.
Polycyclic musks in the environment: A review of their concentrations and distribution, ecological effects and behavior, current concerns and future prospects
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Jianv Liu, Wenying Zhang, Qixing Zhou, Qingqin Zhou, Yu Zhang, Linfang Zhu
Some countries have formulated usage policies for synthetic musks in the environment. For example, musk ketone (MK) and musk tibetene (MT) have been prohibited from use in fragrant products, and musk ambrette (MA) has been discontinued from use in America. In China, musk moskene (MM), MA and MT are banned components of cosmetics, and MK and musk xylene (MX) are restricted substances in cosmetic components. However, as a new type of pollutant, PCMs began to receive attention more recently compared with other widely recognized pollutants, and the usage policies for PCMs are not entirely complete; thus, further environmental management measures should be put in place. In addition, possible ecological risk assessment surveys of PCMs are generally carried out in small individual areas, which makes it difficult to set environmental standard values or ecological risk thresholds of PCMs for a whole country. To fully understand the ecological risks brought about by PCMs, the relationship between ecological risks and the concentration or morphology of PCMs should be scientifically determined, and systematic studies should be conducted on how PCMs do harm to human beings caused by such risks, both completely and regionally in the future. Only by systematically exploring the toxicological effects of PCMs and their ecological risks can we set ecological risk thresholds or provide a basis for the formulation of environmental standards for PCMs.