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Colloidal Systems
Published in K.S. Birdi, Surface Chemistry and Geochemistry of Hydraulic Fracturing, 2016
The Ccc is thus found to depend on the type of electrolyte used as well as on the valency of the counter-ion. It is seen that divalent ions are 60 (=26) times as effective as monovalent ions. Trivalent ions are several hundred (729 = 36) times more effective than monovalent ions. Experiments have shown that this correlation to Ccc is almost exact and the assumptions made in Equations 6.23 and 6.24 are thus useful for understanding such systems. However, ions that specifically adsorb (such as surfactants) will exhibit different behavior, as also found from experiments. For example, based on these observations, in the composition of washing powder, multivalent phosphates are used, for instance, to keep the charged dirt particles from attaching to the fabrics after having been removed. Another example is wastewater treatment, where for coagulation purposes one uses multivalent ions.
Applications of interfacial electrical phenomena
Published in K.S. Birdi, Introduction to Electrical Interfacial Phenomena, 2010
Based on these observations, in washing powders composition, one has used multivalent phosphates, for instance, to keep the charged dirt particles from attaching to the fabrics after having been removed (see Scultze–Hardy rule). Another example is the wastewater treatment, where for coagulation purposes one uses multivalent ions.
Brief insights of various adsorbents utilized for the sequestration of toxic pollutants from aqueous phase: a review
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Nida Fakhar, Weqar Ahmad Siddiqi
Alginate are linear polysaccharides (Figure 6) which are highly water soluble found mostly in brown sea weeds.[59,154] Their solubility in water has rendered their usage in eliminating heavy metals. After processing, their ion exchange reaction with multivalent ion could be used as an adsorbent for various contaminants. Hydrogels are the result of their conversion using calcium exhibiting range of application in the separation of heavy metals.[155]