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Hydrogen and Electricity Production from Oil and Gas Wastes
Published in Wael Ahmed Ismail, Jonathan Van Hamme, Hydrocarbon Biotechnology, 2023
Scott J. Satinover, Abhijeet P. Borole
Produced water varies wildly in composition from source to source, but most wells produce water with some salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS). Neff et al. (2011) determined that salt concentrations found in produced water could vary from a few thousand parts per million to near the point of saturation. Ionic species, while generally dominated by sodium and chloride, can also be quite diverse. Notable species include divalent ions like magnesium, calcium, strontium, bromides, and sulfates (Roach et al., 1993; Neff et al., 2011; Emam et al., 2014). The impacts of these species are frequently relevant to treatment potential, and also contribute to the hazardous character of the waste.
The Developmental Toxicity of Metals and Metalloids in Fish
Published in Michael C. Newman, Alan W. McIntosh, Metal Ecotoxicology, 2020
Many heavy metals have been shown to act specifically by inhibiting certain enzymes, thus interfering with metabolic processes in development. Divalent cations can cross-link sulfhydryl groups and thereby disrupt (denature) the tertiary structure of enzymes, rendering them less active or inactive. Such activities may result in teratogenic responses, but sometimes an organism exhibits less dramatic but, nevertheless, serious consequences, especially if the exposure occurs outside the critical stages. Such sequellae include diminished or retarded growth, inhibited, delayed, or precocious hatching, or outright mortality.
Properties and Characteristics of Water and Wastewater
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Hardness in a water will prevent the formation of a soap lather, and is usually due to divalent metallic cations such as calcium, Ca2+, magnesium, Mg2+, strontium, Sr2+, ferrous ions, Fe2+, and manganous ions, Mn2+ (see Table 3.5).
Synthesis and characterization of divalent ion conductors with NASICON-type structures
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2019
Wonrak Lee, Shinji Tamura, Nobuhito Imanaka
In this study, we developed high-conductivity divalent cation solid electrolytes with a NASICON-type structure based on the HfNb(PO4)3 material that was identified as a tetravalent Hf4+ cation conductor in our previous work [19]. By introducing the lower-valence M2+ cation into the Hf4+ sites of the HfNb(PO4)3 solid, the conducting ion species should change from Hf4+ to the lower-valence M2+, because ion conduction is in general strongly influenced by the valence state, and the migration of lower-valence cations is easier due to their weaker electrostatic interaction with counterions. As conducting divalent cation species, we selected Ni2+ and Mg2+ as well as the Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ alkaline-earth metal ions, which maintain a stable divalent state.
Purification and characterization of fibrinolytic protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MCC2606 and analysis of fibrin degradation product by MS/MS
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2018
Yogesh Devaraj, Savita Kumari Rajender, Prakash Motiram Halami
Metal ions are known to influence the activity of enzymes, either by enhancing or inhibiting and it is very essential as there action depends on the type of metal ions. Divalent metal ions are known to enhance the activity of enzyme, which is a common phenomenon.[39,464748] In case of CFR15-protease, most of the metal ions studied, i.e., K+, Na+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Cs2+, and Ca2+ have slightly reduced the activity and also a slight enhancement in the activity was observed in presence of Mn2+. However, Al3+ has drastically reduced the activity of enzyme followed by Cu2+. The enhancement of enzymes activity in presence Mn2+ is a commonly observed among proteases[41,49,50] and similar observation is made in the present study, as Mn2+ had a minor positive effect on CFR15-protease activity. Above observation on effect of inhibitors and metal ions, indicated that the CFR15-protease is a serine protease which is influenced by of metal ions.[14,39]