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Application of Biomaterials in Dye Wastewater Treatment
Published in V. Sivasubramanian, Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment, 2018
P. Senthil Kumar, A. Saravanan
The concentration of MB dye in the solution was determined using the calibration curve of measured absorbance versus different concentrations of MB solutions at λmax = 664 nm using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). The pH of each working solution was adjusted to the required value by using 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N HCl and measured with a Hanna pH meter using a combined glass electrode (Model HI 9025C, Singapore). The surface morphology of the adsorbent was analyzed using a Quanta 200 FEG scanning electron microscope (SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, or XEDS), sometimes called energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) or energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), was also an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of the adsorbent materials (Bruker Nano GmbH Berlin, Germany). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis was conducted using Potassium bromide (KBr) pellets in the spectral range varying from 450 to 4,000 cm−1 (Perkin Elmer FTIR Spectrometer, C100566, UK).
Evaluation of foamed bitumen efficiency in warm asphalt mixtures recycling
Published in Cândida Vilarinho, Fernando Castro, Mário Russo, Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities, 2015
Cândida Vilarinho, Fernando Castro, Mário Russo
The adsorbent used in the present paper was calcined eggshell inorganic fraction powder and was collected from a local hatchery waste. Shells were washed successively with distilled water and eggshell membrane (Organic Fraction) was separated manually. After complete removal of the organic fraction, shells (Inorganic Fraction) were washed again. After that, material was dried at 105∘C for 24h, milled and calcined at 1000∘C for 2h. Chemical-physical characterization of EGGIF comprised the analysis of the surface area and particle porosity, through mercury porosimetry analysis. Chemical composition of EGGIF was obtained by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with X-Ray Microanalysis.
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Semiconductor and Metal Nanoparticles
Published in Bertrand Henri Rihn, Biomedical Application of Nanoparticles, 2017
Sneha Bhagyaraj, Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi
Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) is a chemical microanalysis technique used in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The EDS technique detects X-rays emitted from the sample during bombardment by an electron beam to characterize the elemental composition of the analyzed volume. Features or phases as small as 1 μm or less can be analyzed. When the sample is bombarded by the SEM electron beam, electrons are ejected from the atoms comprising the sample’s surface. The resulting electron vacancies are filled by electrons from a higher state, and an X-ray is emitted to balance the energy difference between the two electrons’ states. The X-ray energy is characteristic of the element from which it was emitted.
Characterization of reduced graphene oxide/macrocyclic Fe(II) complex nanocomposite as the counter electrode in Pt-free dye-sensitized solar cells
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Kirandeep Kaur, Meenakshi Patyal, Nidhi Gupta
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy is a technique that scans a sample with an electron beam to produce a magnified image for analysis. The method is used in microanalysis, performed at high magnifications and generates high-resolution images. Figure 3 shows the SEM images of the macrocyclic Fe composite materials at 10,000 × magnifications. Further the SEM images were obtained for different ratio of 1 over GO surface. Figure 3(a) shows SEM image for the (1:1) GO/Fe, indicating that GO surface has fewer Fe nanoparticles. The GO/Fe (1:3) CE showed wrinkled surfaces for GO and small Fe nanoparticles. The ratio (1:10) GO/Fe CE showed wrinkled GO surface and Fe nanoparticles of similar size distributed over the surface uniformly. The results obtained from SEM analysis disclosed that highly-specific surface area was provided by the GO layer which reacted with the different functional groups, and that this reinforces the proper distribution of nanometal material on GO. Out of the different ratios of GO/Fe CEs, the GO/Fe CE with (1:10) ratio showed the GO surface with uniformly distributed Fe nanoparticles. Furthermore, it is evident from the data obtained from the images that in all the complexes, crystals were grown from just a single molecule to several molecules in an aggregate distribution with particles size ranging in nanometers. FE-SEM technique is used to investigate the nanocomplex, in agreement to literature [38]. Particle diameters of complexes are always overestimated due to the distortion of FE-SEM images [26]. The results of the average particle size measured by XRD and FE-SEM showed that the size of the synthesized complexes is less than 100 nm.
Geometallurgical characterisation of Mn ores
Published in Applied Earth Science, 2021
Michael John Peterson, James Robert Manuel, Sarath Hapugoda
There are numerous techniques available to characterise the physical, mineralogical, chemical, mineral chemistry, mineral texture and particle texture of lump and fine ore samples. Commonly used techniques include X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), SEM/EDS, optical microscopy, He pycnometry, nitrogen porosimetry, microhardness testing, Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and micro-computed tomography. Physical testing with regard to metallurgical outcomes can involve tests such as RDI, RI, TI, DI, and softening and melting tests.