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Polymer Semiconductors
Published in Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Tariq Altalhi, Polymers in Energy Conversion and Storage, 2022
Moises Bustamante-Torres, Jocelyne Estrella-Nuñez, Odalys Torres, Sofía Abad-Sojos, Bryan Chiguano-Tapia, Emilio Bucio
XRF determines the concentrations and the type of elements present in a material. XRF is a non-destructive method that uses a primary X-ray emission to excite the sample and generate a secondary fluorescent X-ray emission. This secondary emission of the sample is measured to characterize its chemical structure. Additionally, the fluorescent X-ray emission is a unique characteristic (fingerprint) of each element present in the sample (Feng, Zhang, and Yu 2020).
Materials Characterization Using Advanced Synchrotron Radiation Techniques for Antimicrobial Materials
Published in Peerawatt Nunthavarawong, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Suchart Siengchin, Mathew Thoppil-Mathew, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Materials, 2022
Chatree Saiyasombat, Prae Cbirawatkul, Suittipong Wannapaiboon, Catleya Rojviriya, Siriwat Soontaranon, Nuntaporn Kamonsutthipaijit, Sirinart Chio-Srichan, Chanan Euaruksakul, Nichada Jearanaikoon
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) is one of the well-established characterization techniques. It is a non-destructive probe and has been used in a wide range of applications for elemental analysis. The basic principle of XRF is based on recording characteristic X-rays, so-called fluorescent X-rays, generated from the interaction between the inner shell electrons and X-rays as the materials are exposed to X-rays. Suppose the energy of incoming X-rays are higher than the binding energy of the inner shell electrons. In that case, the interaction will result in the electrons in that shell being ejected from the atom, become photoelectrons and leave holes in that energy level. The holes are then filled by cascading of electrons from higher energy levels to fill the inner shell vacancies and emitting characteristic fluorescent X-rays (Figure 7.1 [b]). By measuring the energy of the emitted characteristic X-rays, all elements in the material are qualitatively and quantitatively identified.
Characterization Techniques for Bio-Nanocomposites
Published in Shrikaant Kulkarni, Neha Kanwar Rawat, A. K. Haghi, Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 2020
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a non-destructive method of elemental analysis. When an X-ray beam is incident upon a target element, orbital electrons are dislodged. The vacancies or holes generated in the inner shells are filled by outer shell electrons. Energy releases during the process in the form of secondary X-rays known as fluorescence (FLU). The energy of the emitted X-ray radiation is fallout of the distribution of electrons in the excited atom. A unique electron distribution of every element help produce the quantitative analysis of Ba, Ca, Zn, P, and S in additives and lubricating oils, lead, and sulfur in gasoline, sulfur in crudes and fuel oils, and halogens in polymers. The high analytical precision of wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF) has made it possible to develop methods for the precious metal assay of catalyst used in reforming process as against the precision of classical wet chemical methods. Metals like Pt, Ir, Re, or Ru can be been determined from numerous catalysts.
Extensive testing on PVC sewer pipes towards identifying the factors that affect their operational lifetime
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Konstantinos F. Makris, Jeroen G. Langeveld, François H. L. R. Clemens
XRF analysis indicated that certain elements, which constitute common stabilizers, fillers and pigments for PVC pipes (Wilkes et al., 2005), were found in all samples. At the same time, PVC proved to be a polydisperse material with various elemental compositions. Discrepancies were detected even in pipes which originate from the same production period and manufacturing company, such as pipes B-1 and B-2. However, it should be stressed that XRF is mainly a surface analysis as it penetrates only 2–20 μm within the material. The variability in the type and concentration of inorganic elements combined with the range of processing temperatures revealed the disparate processing procedures followed by different manufacturers and through separate production periods. Only recently produced pipes (B-3, B-4 and R) obey to the levels of required processing temperature for PVC sewer pipes, while most pipes (except for A-1 and B-4) have the required level of PVC content (Table 5). These factors are generally expected to result in varying pipe properties and quality levels (Weller, Hermkens, & Van der Stok, 2016).
Characterization of matrix effects for Pb L-shell energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) in binary compounds of cadmium, copper, molybdenum, and zinc
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2021
Emine Narmanlı Han, Elif Boydaş
XRF offers short analysis time, non-destructiveness, ease of sample preparation, the possibility to examine almost all of the elements in the periodic table, good precision (ppm), low cost, and ease of automation. XRF is based on obtaining characteristic X-ray peaks of the analyte induced by photons emitted from a source. When performing quantitative analysis in XRF, the intensity of characteristic X-rays may have values independent of the analyte concentration due to matrix effects. The analyte intensity, which is should be a linear function of the analyte concentration, may deviate the linearity due to the absorption or enhancement, providing a parabola-shaped response. The correct evaluation of matrix effects is important for the reliability of the results. It is more difficult to determine matrix effects on L X-rays than on K X-rays due to the multiplicity and proximity of the former lines.
Investigation of the effect of acid sludge neutralization treatment on producing a sustainable eco-friendly additive for bituminous composites
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2023
Alireza Aliakbari, Pouria Hajikarimi, Ali Khodaii
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a method of detecting a wide range of mineral components in materials. The XRF device emits X-rays into the material, releasing electrons, energy, and secondary X-rays. The secondary X-ray energy is detected and used to determine the different elements in the sample. The secondary X-ray aggregation can also determine the amount of the elements by the processor (ASTM-E13 2013). The XRF experiment in this study was performed on the WS sample using an ARL PERFORM’X device (made by Thermo Fisher Scientific Co. in USA). According to ASTM E 1621, the material was first burned in a furnace at 600°C to remove all organic ingredients. The sample was then crushed to a size smaller than 75 microns to perform the XRF test (ASTM-E13 2013).