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Therapeutic Monitoring of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using fNIRS Assessment
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Treatment with medication and behavioral therapy are recommended in all ADHD clinical guidelines for ADHD children (Pliszka 2007, Taylor et al. 2004, Wolraich et al. 2011). In addition, the Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder study funded by the National Institute of Health (1999) and the American Academy of Pediatrics reported that treatment with medication was superior to behavioral therapy for school-age children (Hodgkins et al. 2012). Medication therapy is recommended in all ADHD clinical guidelines for ADHD children (Pliszka 2007, Thomas et al. 2015, Wolraich et al. 2011). Based on considerable evidence for medication treatment over several decades, the nonstimulant drug atomoxetine (ATX; Strattera, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA) and the stimulant drug methylphenidate (MPH; OROS-methylphenidate commercially available as Concerta) have been recommended as primary medications for the improvement of executive function in ADHD patients (Cubillo et al. 2014, Faraone et al. 2007, Faraone and Buitelaar 2010, Newcorn et al. 2008, Safren et al. 2010).
Unsubstantiated diagnoses and treatments
Published in Herman Staudenmayer, Environmental Illness, 2018
Parents’ despair of coping with their hyperactive children is compounded by physician attitude (positive or negative); absence of a data-driven, recognized cause for ADHD; and the absence of effective treatments (Forbes, 1982). Biological psychiatry hypothesizes neurotransmitter imbalance. Many ADHD children have benefited from treatment with stimulant drugs including methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (dexedrine), or magnesium pemoline (Cylert). But, the drugs are not a long-term panacea and there are risks of adverse side-effects. Selective use of drugs where demonstrated to be effective remains problematic. The parents’ and adolescents’ negative attitudes toward drugs in general often is not discriminating, creating problems of compliance.
Composition of Proprietary Products Approved in the United States
Published in Sarfaraz K. Niazi, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition, 2019
Ritalin-SR®: Ritalin hydrochloride, methylphenidate hydrochloride USP, is available as tablets of 5, 10, and 20 mg for oral administration; Ritalin-SR® is available as sustained-release tablets of 20 mg for oral administration. Inactive ingredients (Ritalin tablets): D&C Yellow No. 10 (5 and 20 mg tablets), FD&C Green No. 3 (10 mg tablets), lactose, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, starch (5 and 10 mg tablets), sucrose, talc, and tragacanth (20 mg tablets). Inactive ingredients (Ritalin-SR® tablets): cellulose compounds, cetostearyl alcohol, lactose, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, povidone, titanium dioxide, and zein.
Developments in the human machine interface technologies and their applications: a review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Harpreet Pal Singh, Parlad Kumar
Methylphenidate is basically a synthetic stimulant drug used for stimulation of the central nervous system to cure chronic sleep disorders called narcolepsy and other deficit disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [240]. Modafinil is used to cure patients with extreme sleepiness or narcolepsy. It is also used to decrease fatigue and increase alertness levels [241]. Piracetam is a chemical drug used to improve memory and other brain functions in humans. This drug is also used for curing diseases like vertigo, epilepsy, dyslexia and sickle cell anaemia but United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet provided the piracetam a legal status as a dietary supplement [242]. Apart from these three types of cognitive enhancement drugs, other types of drugs like Oxiracetam, Acetylcholine precursors, Choline alfoscerate, Citicoline, Acetyl-carnitine, Lecithin, Phospholipase A2, Docosahexaenoic acid are currently being used to cure various diseases aroused due to several types of brain disorders [243].
Application of molecular imaging technology in neurotoxicology research
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2018
Xuan Zhang, Qi Yin, Marc Berridge, Che Wang
Methylphenidate, another CNS stimulant, is widely used to treat attention deficit disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has been proven that treatment with MPH can efficiently alleviate the primary symptoms in approximately 70% of children with ADHD. Methylphenidate may exert its effects through the blockade of the DAT and the NET, and increases monoamine signaling at the synapse.[56–59] Recently, medical use of MPH has been over-used owing to the high prevalence of ADHD, persisting symptoms in adolescents and adults, and over-diagnosis of ADHD. This has raised concerns regarding its long-term side effects and potential toxicity to the CNS.[65–70] To determine whether chronic MPH exposure during development is associated with subsequent long-term cognitive deficits, drug-induced neurochemical changes were explored by monitoring changes in the uptake (binding) of radiotracers (e.g., FDG, glucose metabolism marker; [18F]-AV133, a marker of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 [VMAT2]; and 4-18F-ADAM, a radioligand for SERT), in specific regions of interest in the nonhuman primate brain.[70–72] According to these microPET/CT studies, gluocose metabolism in the cerebellum was significantly decreased in both the low- and the high-dose MPH groups. Compared to the control group, the SERT levels significantly increased in the high-dose MPH-treated NHPs in frontal cortex, caudate, putamen, thalamus, and midbrain. Monoamine transporter type 2 levels in thalamus, caudate, putamen, temporal lobe of the cortex, and midbrain were decreased in the low-dose MPH-treated NHPs and decreased in the temporal lobe of the cortex and midbrain in the high-dose group.