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Bioresponsive Nanoparticles
Published in Deepa H. Patel, Bioresponsive Polymers, 2020
Drashti Pathak, Deepa H. Patel
Similarly, in the fight against antibiotic-resistant microbes, the number of effective antibiotic drugs available is limited. Recently, infections from bacteria strains resistant to our last line of antibiotic defense, the carbapenem class of antibiotic drugs that includes vancomycin, have been increasing in number. There are currently no new drugs in the pipeline to combat carbapenem-resistant bacterial infections. The widespread emergence of such infections is considered a significant threat to the public health. Hospital-acquired infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were responsible for the deaths of 19,000 Americans in 2005 (the last year for which the US Centers for Disease Control has recorded). In order to prolong the lifespan of these critical, life-saving drugs, more efficient and effective delivery using nanomedicine technologies must be explored in earnest. Vaccination is another strategy that can benefit from the use of drug delivery vehicles [12–14]. Vaccinations rely on the body’s own defenses to combat the infection by providing the immune system with the proper tools to identify the infection. In one immunological pathway, antigens from the infectious pathogen are taken up by DCs, professional antigen-presenting cells, which then present the antigens to other immune cells such as T cells and B cells.
Alkaliphilic Bacteria and Thermophilic Actinomycetes as New Sources of Antimicrobial Compounds
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Industrial Biotechnology, 2017
Suchitra B. Borgave, Meghana S. Kulkarni, Pradnya P. Kanekar, Dattatraya G. Naik
A few decades after the introduction of antibiotics into clinical practice, resistance by pathogenic bacteria has become a major health concern. Indeed, while in the mid 1970s infectious diseases were considered virtually conquered (Breithaupt, 1999), actually many Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative opportunistic pathogens are becoming resistant to virtually every clinically available drug (Greenberg, 2003). The use of antimicrobial drugs for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes in human and veterinary or for agricultural purposes, has provided the selective pressure favoring the survival and spread of resistant organisms. Staphylococcus aureus, for instance, a virulent pathogen that is responsible for a wide range of infections including pimples, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and bacteremia, has developed resistance to most classes of antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains appeared in the hospital environment after introduction of the semi-synthetic penicillin and methicillin, being vancomycin the last chance for MRSA treatment (Enright, 2003). Certainly, vancomycin is the last tool for the treatment of the infections caused by the resistant Gram positive microorganisms. Indeed, vancomycin resistance is difficult to acquire because it is a complex system involving up to 7 genes. However vancomycin-intermediately-sensitive S. aureus were first isolated in 1997 in Japan (Hiramatsu et al., 1997) and later in other countries (Fridkin, 2001). In fact, Vancomycin-resistant clinical isolates have been recently reported (Tenover et al., 2004). Thus currently, no antibiotic class is effective against multidrug-resistant S. aureus infections and new antibiotics or alternative chemotherapeutic strategies are urgently needed.
Evidence of cross-contamination of waste workers and transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolated from dental solid waste: an intriguing study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Débora Guimarães Calefi, João Paulo Amaral Haddad, Silvia Helena Souza Pietra Pedroso, Paula Prazeres Magalhães, Luiz Macêdo Farias, Cristina Dutra Vieira, Simone Gonçalves dos Santos
Regarding antimicrobial resistance factors, there is a progressive increase of resistant strains (Morgenstern et al. 2016). Methicillin resistance is encoded primarily by the mecA gene, which is located in a mobile genetic element called Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassette (SCCmec) (Otto 2013). Vancomycin resistance is mediated by the vanA gene, which alters the binding target of this antimicrobial (Xia et al. 2016). Due to resistance, the use of vancomycin has proven effective, and it is still a good therapeutic option to treat infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). However, clinical strains of S. aureus have demonstrated reduced or complete (less common) susceptibility to vancomycin. This category of resistance is attributed to mobile genetic elements, which represent the main mechanism of horizontal transfer of genes between bacteria (McGuinness et al. 2017).
Uncertainty quantification using probabilistic numerics: application to models in mathematical epidemiology
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2018
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium commonly found in the human nasal mucosa or on the skin [11]. Although generally harmless to healthy individuals, this bacterium can cause a range of infections in its hosts, from benign skin and soft tissue infections to endocarditis and sepsis [12]. It is, in fact, the most common bacterial pathogen isolated from human infections [12,13]. When treating S. aureus infections, the strains which show resistance to the first-line defence of antibiotic treatments present a considerable burden to the patient as well as to the health care system. Since the start of a widespread use of antibiotics in the second half of the twentieth century, antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains have become widespread. Of particular concern has been the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is resistant to penicillin and all of its derivatives.
Synthesis, characterization, X-ray crystal structures and antibacterial properties of cobaloximes with aniline based ligands containing acid functionality
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
S. Boopalan, Aneesha Antony, Nienu Susan Loyid, V. Vijaikanth, S. Murugan
Among the various microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus remains a dangerous pathogen in humans and capable of causing wide range of infections.[46] The role of antibiotics is well known but presently there is large increase of resistance by bacteria against the antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most widespread pathogens and is usually resistant to multiple antibiotics. These infections are difficult to treat particularly among the hospitalized patients.[47]