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Battery EVs and PHEVs
Published in Kwang Hee Nam, and Electric Vehicle Applications, 2017
Lots of efforts were made to reduce or substitute the use of expensive cobalt in the cathode fabrication. Four different cathode chemistries are being considered by the industry: Li(Ni, Co)O2, Li(Ni, Co, Mn)O2, LiMn2O4, and LiFePO4. The layered nickel cobalt oxide, Li(Ni, Co)O2, has the highest energy density, but is not safe. The manganese spinel, LiMn2O4, is relatively safe and has a high-power density, but the energy density is low. The iron phosphate, LiFePO4, is completely stable since it shows no exothermal behavior in charged state [6]. Further, the lithium iron phosphate battery has longer life time and high peak power rating compared with other lithium-ion batteries. But the conductivity is low, thereby the energy density is the lowest.
Development of a comprehensive transient fuel cell-battery hybrid system model and rule-based energy management strategy
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Yahan Xu, Zirong Yang, Kui Jiao, Dong Hao, Qing Du
The lithium iron phosphate battery is adopted, and the working principles are shown in Figure 2. The single unit of Li-ion battery consists of positive current collector (PCC), positive electrode (P), separator (S), negative electrode (N), and negative current collector (NCC). During the discharging process, the lithium ions are de-embedded from negative electrode and embedded into the positive electrode after passing through the diaphragm. Electrons depart from the negative electrode, flow through the external circuit, and finally reach the positive electrode. The above transport processes are reversed in the charging stage. Since the charging/discharging processes are accompanied with lithium ion migration, the change of lithium ion concentration significantly affects battery performances. Furthermore, the Li-ion transport processes are divided into the liquid phase (electrolyte) and the solid phase (active material of the positive and negative electrodes). The chemical reactions occur at the interfaces between active material and electrolyte in both phases. Note that the transport and electrochemical processes of lithium ions are accompanied with heat generation. Therefore, the electrochemical thermal coupling sub-model can well reflect the real operating state of Li-ion battery. The structural parameters of lithium-ion battery sub-model are listed in Table 1, which are generally selected based on the previous studies (Jiang, Peng, and Sun 2013; Ye et al. 2012).
A soft-switching coupled inductor bidirectional DC–DC converter with high-conversion ratio
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2018
Kuei-Hsiang Chao, Yi-Cing Jheng
Over recent years, bidirectional high-conversion-ratio DC–DC converters have been applied to a number of disciplines, e.g. motor drives in electric vehicles (Pellegrino, Vagati, Boazzo, & Guglielmi, 2012) using fuels cells (Ortiz-Rivera, 2007; Williams, 2001) together with a lithium iron phosphate battery (Marongiu, Damiano, & Heuer, 2010) and PV systems (Liu & Lin, 2012; Moraitis & Van Sark, 2014). Taking a PV system as an instance, household appliances are solar powered in the daytime, and excessive amount of solar energy is stored in a battery, while the appliances become battery powered at night. A controller is hence introduced to determine the role of the battery as either a current source or sink. For this sake, it is an issue of interest to design a converter for bilateral energy flow between a PV system and a battery.
Recycling of spent lithium-iron phosphate batteries: toward closing the loop
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Srishti Kumawat, Dalip Singh, Ajay Saini
Lithium Iron Phosphate battery (LFP) technology is poised to prosper soon, thanks to increased acceptance by some of the industry’s giants. Its expanding global adoption has elevated the technology’s position in the automotive sector. The advantages of LFP batteries have lately attracted the attention of Tesla, the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer. LFP batteries may be used in some battery systems, such as Powerwall, Powerpack, and Megapack, especially the 3MWh Megapack units. Last year, Volkswagen’s Chinese battery partner, Guoxuan High-Tech (also known as Gotion High-Tech), launched a new LFP battery cell with a 210 Wh/kg energy density, with a goal of 260 Wh/kg. Daimler and Ford have also used the technology for their lower-range electric vehicles.[51]