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Functionalization of Graphite and Graphene
Published in Titash Mondal, Anil K. Bhowmick, Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposites, 2023
Akash Ghosh, Simran Sharma, Anil K. Bhowmick, Titash Mondal
Amount of fluorine manipulates entire properties of fluorographene such as electrical resistivity, hydrophobicity, and luminescence properties. Sudeep et al. reported low fluorine-containing graphene to generate a partial positive charge on the graphene surface, significantly preventing thromboembolism. It can also be used as a drug delivery carrier due to its lipophilicity. Moreover, fluorinated graphene can be used in catalysis, ultrasound imaging, and sensing applications. All these properties can be tuned by manipulating the composition of fluorographene. Hence, the controlled fluorination and defluorination of graphene come into special attention for various applications (Sudeep et al. 2015).
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The physical property that enables many xenobiotics to be absorbed through the skin, lungs or gastrointestinal tract is their fat solubility or lipophilicity. Lipophilicity is also an obstacle to their elimination as they can be readily reabsorbed. Another important consideration is that lipophilicity facilitates the entry of toxic substances into cells. Therefore, the elimination of xenobiotics often depends on their conversion to water soluble compounds by a process called biotransformation which is catalysed by enzymes in the liver and other tissues. An important result of biotransformation is the conversion of a lipophilic substance to one that is more water soluble (hydrophilic) (see Phase 1 and Phase 2 reactions later).
Microemulsions: Principles, Scope, Methods, and Applications in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Applications in Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences, 2019
Irina Pereira, Sara Antunes, Ana C. Santos, Francisco J. Veiga, Amélia M. Silva, Prapaporn Boonme, Eliana B. Souto
Topical or dermatological drugs consist of a set of products that are applied to the skin or to the mucous membranes and potentiate or retrieve the basic function of the skin, or pharmacologically alter the action of certain tissue. Drugs applied topically can target the superficial damaged by disease skin and be absorbed through topical/cutaneous route. Alternatively, drug absorption can occur through the transdermal route. In this case, the drug diffuses through the SC and inner skin layers which allow a prolonged drug release, maintaining drug plasma concentrations constant over time, and decreasing drug dosing frequency.68 The rate of drug absorption depends on drug molecular size and lipophilicity. This is intrinsically related to the evidenced tendency of skin to exclude drug molecules higher than 500 Da, particularly hydrophilic molecules.19
Lipophilicity, gas-phase optimized geometry, quantum chemical calculations, Hirshfeld surface analysis, energy frameworks, and molecular docking studies of novel (Z)-2-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Khushbu K. Dodeja, Yogesh O. Bhola, Bhavesh N. Socha, Mohammed Dawood Alalawy, Rahul P. Dubey, Sachin B. Pandya, Taruna J. Padariya, Y. T. Naliapara
There is a noticeable relationship between C-H…π interactions and biological activities of the Z2H. Lipophilicity (log P), one the important biological parameters, is established to be related with the contribution of C-H…π interaction to the Hirshfeld surface analysis. Lipophilicity is the ability of a molecule to dissolve in non-polar solvent. Hirshfeld Surface analysis reveals that the contribution C…H for the Z2H is 27.7%. The theoretical Lipophilicity index (log P) was calculated using the program ALOGPS 2.1[32] which is 5.53 for Z2H, the higher log P value for Z2H corresponds to higher contribution of C-H…π interaction (27.7%) and vice versa.[33] Also log P value has been done for previous reported data ((E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-N′-((3-methyl-5-phenoxy-1-phenyl-1Hpyrazol-4-yl) methylene)-1H-1, 2, 3-triazole-4-carbohydrazide)[21] compound and its show log p is 2.95. Both result of log p values show that Z2H better Lipophilic agent than reported data,[20] also Lipophilicity of Z2H are far better than the reported pyrazole derivative, like 3.09 (1,4-bis((4-Iodo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)benzene),[34] 3.33 (4-benzoyl-N-(5-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide),[35] 2.70 (5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide)[36] and 3.56 (3-(4-bromophenyl)-2,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazole).[37]
Synthesis, structure, and biological properties of a Co(II) complex with tridentate Schiff base ligand
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Kalyanmoy Jana, Somnath Das, Tithi Maity, Maidul Hossain, Subhas Chandra Debnath, Bidhan Chandra Samanta, Saikat Kumar Seth
The activities of the complex against several bacteria have been studied using the well-diffusion method on nutrient agar medium. The results are presented as inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) in Table 3. During the experiments, 100 μL of the required bacterial suspension was added to 15–20 mL of agar media and equally spread. The plates were allowed to absorb the culture suspension on the agar media for 20–25 min. Then wells were prepared and a solution of the complex in water was poured into the well in an equal volume (0.25 μL) containing water as a control for each test. The zone of inhibition was measured after 24 h of incubation. The pictures are given in Figure S2. The results showed that the highest zone of inhibition is observed for P. aeruginosa (28 mm). This is the result of the coordinated cobalt, which plays a significant role for the antibacterial activity. This class of compounds has been found to show antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, primarily because of the potential bio-activity of imine-based ligands. The chelation theory explains that a decrease in the polarizability of the metal can change the lipophilicity or hydrophobicity of complexes. These properties are now seen as important parameters related to membrane permeation in biological systems. Many of the processes of drug disposition depend on the ability or inability to cross membranes and hence there is a high correlation with measures of lipophilicity. Moreover, many of the proteins involved in drug disposition have hydrophobic binding sites, further adding to the importance of lipophilicity. By consideration of the structures of compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity, it can be concluded that the metal moiety may play a role in determining the significant antibacterial activity since increased activity enhances the lipophilicity of complexes due to delocalization of π-electrons in the chelate ring [26]. The increased activity of the metal chelates can be also explained by Overtone’s concept [27] and Tweedy’s theory [28] which state that metal complexes disturb the respiration process of the cell and thus block the synthesis of proteins, which restricts further growth of the organism.