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Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
According to Rudback et al.,105 different compositions of monoterpenes are utilized for their pleasant scent in cosmetics and perfumes. However, the most commonly used fragrance terpenes easily oxidize upon contact with air, forming strongly skin-sensitizing hydroperoxides. Due to their thermolability and low UV absorbance, detection methods for hydroperoxides are scarce. For the first time, a simple and sensitive method using LC/ESI-MS/MS was developed to quantitatively determine hydroperoxides from the common fragrance compounds—linalool, linalyl acetate, and limonene. The method was applied to autoxidized petitgrain oil and sweet orange oil. A separation was accomplished using a C3 column. The method LOD for the investigated hydroperoxides in the essential oils was below 0.3 μg/mL, corresponding to 0.3 ppm. For prevention purposes and according to EU regulations, concentrations in cosmetics exceeding 100 ppm in “rinse-off” and 10 ppm in “stay-on” products of linalool and limonene must be labeled. However, the products may still contain allergens, such as hydroperoxides, formed by oxidative degradation of their parent terpenes. The sensitivity and selectivity of the presented LC/MS/MS method enables detection of hydroperoxides from the fragrance terpenes linalool, linalyl acetate, and limonene. However, for routine measurements, the method requires further validation.
Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
Lavender (Lavandula officinalis Chaix.) belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, is a lovely herb of the garden. The lavender EO is synthetically made out of camphor, terpinen-4-ol, linalyl acetate, linalool,, beta-ocimene, and 1,8-cineole (Price, 1993). Among the previously mentioned chemical constituents, linalool and linalyl acetate demonstrated a sedative effect and marked narcotic actions, respectively. Moreover, linalool and linalyl acetate derivation have extraordinary absorbing properties for skin amid massages. In addition, lavender EO was all around recorded for the treatment of scraped areas, burns, stress, headaches, skin problems, muscular pain, and boosting the insusceptible system (Kim et al., 2011).
Changes and correlation analysis of volatile compounds, key enzymes, and fatty acids in lemon flavedo under different drying methods
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Jiaqi Hu, Xiyun Sun, Feifei Yang, Hongwei Xiao, Chunju Liu, Xiaojie Duan, Yulong Wu, Haiou Wang
In lemon fruit, 85–99% (in mass) of the whole essential oils are composed of volatile flavor compounds.[11] These oils consist of volatile flavor compounds, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, aldehydes, monoterpene alcohols, and monoterpene esters. Lemons are mainly composed of flavedo, albedo, juice vesicles, segment walls, and seeds, with flavedo accounting for approximately 20% of the total weight of the lemon. The essential oil in lemons is concentrated in the flavedo.[9,11] Lota et al. compared the composition of essential oils in the leaf and flavedo of 19 lemons and distinguished three major chemotypes of lemon flavedo oils: limonene, limonene/β-pinene/γ-terpinene, and limonene/linalyl acetate/linalool.[12] Demertzis et al. identified a variety of volatile flavor components in lemon flavedo from lemons cultivated in the Alta region of Greece. During lemon processing, a large amount of flavedo residue is produced, which leads to industrial losses; therefore, the processing and utilization of lemon flavedo is very important.[13]
Potential bio-functional properties of Citrus aurantium L. leaf: chemical composition, antiviral activity on herpes simplex virus type-1, antiproliferative effects on human lung and colon cancer cells and oxidative protection
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Houda Mejri, Wissem Aidi Wannes, Faouzia Haddada Mahjoub, Majdi Hammami, Catherine Dussault, Jean Legault, Moufida Saidani-Tounsi
Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae family), also known as sour orange, bitter orange and bigarade, is an evident great source of natural antioxidants. Its leaves were used in many folk traditions for medicinal purposes as insomnia, stomach aches, heart palpitations, laxatives and relaxing agents for tired nerves (Suryawanshi 2011). C. aurantium leaves can be used in pharmaceutical industries since they can be integrated in drug formulations (Suryawanshi 2011). Many studies were done on C. aurantium leaves; they are known to contain various essential oils including mainly limonene, linalool, α-terpineol and linalyl acetate (Isabel et al. 2002; Gholivand et al. 2013). Phytochemical analysis of C. aurantium leaves reflected the presence of several compounds including flavonoids, phytosterols, carbohydrates, saponins, volatile oil, tannins, terpenoids and proteins (Periyanayagam et al. 2013). Several studies had determined the antioxidant properties of C. aurantium leaf extracts (Lagha-Benamrouche and Madani 2013; Khettal et al. 2017; Dulay and De Castro 2016; Muthiah, 2012; Alghabra et al. 2021). However, there are no reports on studies regarding the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of C. aurantium leaves during two development stages. Therefore, the aim of this present study was to investigate the phenolic composition of bigarade leaves during two development stages and to evaluate their antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiviral properties by using different in vitro and ex vivo methods.
Optimization of spray drying condition and wall material composition for myrtle extract powder using response surface methodology
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Serenay Asik, Tugce Atbakan Kalkan, Ayhan Topuz
The volatile compositions of the myrtle extract and reconstituted myrtle extract powder were analyzed by GC/MS using the SPME method. Forty-three components in the myrtle extract while forty components were identified and quantified in the myrtle extract powder (Table 7). The % amounts were calculated using total area under the peak. D-limonene and α-pinene were the main volatile components in both myrtle extract and myrtle extract powder. Eucalyptol, linalool and linalyl acetate were the other main volatiles observed in the myrtle extract. Additionally, D-limonene and α-pinene were found as reported earlier in the myrtle leaves and berries.[56] Likewise, Mimica- Dukić et al. (2010) also determined these components in the myrtle essential oil.[57]