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Batteries
Published in Dorin O. Neacşu, Automotive Power Systems, 2020
The positive and negative plates assume electrical voltages with respect to the electrolyte. The cell voltage – at rest – is approximately 2 V dc, increasing during charging and decreasing, when the cell is subjected to a load. When a large current is demanded, the electrolyte loses ions. During this discharge process, the PbO2 (positive) and Pb (negative) plates combine with H2SO4 from the electrolyte to form PbSO4 (lead sulfate) and water. Lead sulfate is a white solid, which appears white in microcrystalline form, and it is often seen in the plates/electrodes of the batteries, as it is formed when the battery is discharged. Lead sulfate is poorly soluble in water. It can be seen that the sulfuric acid depletes and the electrolyte is gradually converted into water when the storage battery discharges.
Hydrometallurgy — An Introductory Appraisal
Published in C. K. Gupta, T. K. Mukherjee, Hydrometallurgy in Extraction Processes, 2019
The hydroxide of aluminum may also behave as an acid in which case presence of alkali to neutralize H+ ions will be necessary to shift the equilibrium toward the right for more hydroxide to dissolve. Regarding complex formation, the dissolution of lead sulfate is an example. Lead sulfate has poor solubility in water: () PbSO4(s)⇒Pb2++SO42−(aq)
Characteristics of Polymers and Polymerization Processes
Published in Manas Chanda, Plastics Technology Handbook, 2017
Stabilizers are almost invariably added to PVC to improve its heat and light stability. The species found effective in stabilizing PVC are those that are able to absorb or neutralize HCl, react with free radicals, react with double bonds, or neutralize other species that might accelerate degradation. Lead compounds, such as basic lead carbonate and tribasic lead sulfate, and metal soaps of barium, cadmium, lead, zinc, and calcium are used as stabilizers. Obviously, they can react with HCl. Epoxy plasticizers aid in stabilizing the resin. Another group of stabilizers are the organotin compounds, which find application because of their resistance to sulfur and because they can yield crystal-clear compounds.
Electric Vehicle Advancements, Barriers, and Potential: A Comprehensive Review
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Alperen Mustafa Çolak, Erdal Irmak
Lead-acid batteries are one of the oldest types of batteries and were widely used in conventional gasoline-powered vehicles before the advent of EVs. They are also used in some low-speed EVs such as golf carts and forklifts. Lead-acid batteries consist of a series of lead plates submerged in an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid [107,124], as presented in Figure 9. When the battery is charged, lead sulfate forms on the plates, and when discharged, the lead sulfate converts back to lead and sulfuric acid. While lead-acid batteries are inexpensive and relatively easy to manufacture, they are also bulky and heavy, which limits their use in EVs [125,126]. They are also less energy-dense than newer battery technologies, meaning they can store less energy per unit of weight or volume.
Heavy metals in municipal waste: the content and leaching ability by waste fraction
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
The use of lead in decorative paints has noticeably reduced, while lead sulfur and lead chromate remain in demand because of low cost and good anti-corrosion properties [22]. Today, most household paints usually contain less than 90 ppm of lead. Lead may be discarded in municipal waste or directly with residual paints or along with dust, for example, during the walls processing. Lead naphthenate and lead oxide Pb3O4 are used in alkyd paints to accelerate drying and in primer paints to prevent corrosion. Many organometallic lead compounds (e.g. lead arsenate AsHO4Pb) are still used in pesticides [7]. Glass is another source of lead: lead (II) oxide is used to strengthen the color and brightness of glass. Besides, lead-antimony and lead-acid batteries contain much lead. Lead is sometimes added to the zinc anode of household batteries to reduce corrosion. Some authors [20] have found lead oxides in lead crystal glass. Also, lead-silicate glass is used in fluorescent lamps. The release of lead from other WEEE was reported by Lincoln et al. [23]. For example, an old monitor or TV with cathode-ray tube contains 1–3 kg of lead accounting up to 10% of the total lead in household waste [18, 24]. According to Morf et al. [17], the average lead concentration in e-waste is 2.9 g kg−1. Some lead compounds (e.g. lead sulfide) are used in transistors of electrical devices, as well as in some cosmetic products, e.g. creams [17]. It is important to know which compounds are soluble and therefore pose a greater danger to the environment. Among lead compounds mentioned above, very low solubility have lead arsenate and lead sulfate have very low solubility while, other substances are insoluble.
Cleaning of lead smelting flue gas scrubber sludge and recovery of lead, selenium and mercury by the hydrometallurgical route
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Peng Xing, Baozhong Ma, Chengyan Wang, Yongqiang Chen
The results of XRD analysis indicate that the phase of lead in sludge is mainly the lead sulfate. Although the solubility product of lead sulfate (1.6 × 10−8) is less than that of lead chloride (1.0 × 10−5), lead sulfate still could be leached in the presence of high concentrations of chloride, as the Pb2+ ions can form different soluble complexes such as PbCl+ and [24]. The general reaction taking place is