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Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
The workhorse tracer of PET is FDG, 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose which is a sugar molecule. It strongly resembles d-glucose, the naturally occurring sugar that is one of the main sources for energy in cell metabolism. Like glucose, it is taken up in cells requiring an energy source, both by diffusion and active GLUT-1 transporters. Tissues with increased demand for energy are brain, heart, and tumour. Therefore, FDG is used for tumour and inflammation imaging and energy metabolism. After uptake in the cell, FDG is phosphorylated to FDG-6-phospate. Then, unlike glucose, FDG is trapped in the tissue and not further metabolized via the Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to produce many ATP-molecules [16].
Low-Cost Production of Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Obesity Sweetener from Stevia Leaves by Diafiltration Membrane Process
Published in Sundergopal Sridhar, Membrane Technology, 2018
Shaik Nazia, Bukke Vani, Suresh K. Bhargava, Sundergopal Sridhar
Globally, 3% of the total population is affected by diabetes mellitus, a chronic disorder characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels. The outset of diabetes has already affected more than 40.9 million people, thus urging the need for a natural sweetener (Midmore et al., 2002). Stevia plants originated from Paraguay and belong to the Asteraceae family, which bears medicinal and commercial importance (Pourvi et al., 2009). Due to its natural sweetness, stevia can replace the consumption of sugar—one of the main causes of obesity (Alhady, 2011). The major role of stevioside in reducing blood sugar level is significant to diabetes affected people. Even the regular consumption of stevioside helps in regulating glucose and cholesterol levels, increases cell growth, and strengthens blood vessels (Pourvi et al., 2009). Attracted by its non-toxic, zero-calorie and stabilizing characteristics, numerous research studies are being conducted on this “sweet herb” for bringing out stevioside as a natural, alternative sweetener with a zero glycemic index (Das et al., 2011; Stephen et al., 2010). For decades, stevia leaves had been used as sweeteners by natives of Brazil and Paraguay for medicines and tea (Kinghorn et al., 1985; Kennelly, 2002; Geuns, 2003; Ahmad et al., 2014), but research reports have also revealed the structure of stevia glycosides (Soejarto et al., 1983; Brandle et al., 1998). Some of the food industries are also including stevia as a natural sweetening agent (Shi et al., 2000). The reason for its typical regulatory properties is attributed to its release mechanisms, wherein the steviol glycosides are usually broken down into steviol and glucose by the bacteria colonizing the large intestine, rather than digested in the alimentary tract. Hence, glucose is prevented from absorption to the bloodstream, but metabolized by the intestinal flora; however, consumption not exceeding 5 mg/kg per day is reported to be safe (Atteh et al., 2011). Its hypertensive effect in adult women, especially in the age group of 28–75 years, has been studied experimentally to understand its blood-regulating properties (Chen et al., 2005). Research further reinforces that the concentrate of stevia leaves could help to improve not only the nutritional value of food products, but their functional properties, as well (Ulbricht, 2010). The efficiency of steviosides in treating patients suffering from carbohydrate metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure and stimulated cell regeneration, is also observed to be promising (Jain et al., 2012), provided the concentration of stevioside is higher (Mogra et al., 2009).
Purification and characterization of a novel β-glucosidase from Aspergillus flavus and its application in saccharification of soybean meal
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Zhou Chen, Yangliu Liu, Lu Liu, Yaoyao Chen, Siting Li, Yingmin Jia
One gram SBM was suspended in 9 mL of 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5). The mixtures were hydrolyzed by 1.0 U/mL of the β-glucosidase at 50 °C for 4 h. The samples were taken at different time-intervals and terminated by boiling for 5 min. The accumulation of glucose was analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC)[13] and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).[4]