China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cerebrovascular Effects of Carbon Monoxide
Published in David G. Penney, Carbon Monoxide, 2019
Mark A. Helfaer, Richard J. Traystman
Understanding the pathophysiology of CO poisoning is most clinically germane as it applies to fires. During combustion, other toxic chemicals are released, so there has been research regarding the cerebral effects of these agents in combination with CO. Of particular interest is the combination of CO and cyanide (CN) (Pitt et al., 1979). Comatose states and confusion have been described in a number of experimental paradigms involving the administration of CN. This toxin seems to affect cerebral white matter. Early experiments demonstrated a rise in CBF, ICP, and CMRO2 in response to small doses of CN. It has been demonstrated that both CO and CN increase CBF and maintain CMRO2 constant at low doses. The combination however, additively increased CBF but decreased CMRO2 in a synergistic manner (Pitt et al., 1979). In addition to fires, CO poisoning has gained importance recently in the area of anesthesia. It has been discovered that there is an interaction between some inhalational anesthetics and dry baralyme (a CO2 absorber) that results in the liberation of CO. This has caused several cases of CO poisoning in patients. The inhalational anesthetics associated with this have been desflurane and enflurane, and to a lesser extent, isoflurane. Halothane and sevoflurane seem not to be affected by this interaction. Dryness and, to a lesser extent, elevated temperatures increase the rate of CO production (Fang and Eger, 1994).
Small Animal Handling, Care, and Anesthesia
Published in George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos, Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
Inhalant anesthetics are considered the gold standard for rodents as they are easy to administer, easy to remotely administer via a breathing system, safe for many ages and strains, and allow for control of the depth of anesthesia. Inhalant anesthetics include halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is the alveolar concentration of an anesthetic required to block the response to a specific stimulus in 50% of animals, so the lower the MAC value, the more potent the anesthetic. The most commonly used inhalant anesthetic in veterinary medicine and rodent research is isoflurane. The MAC for isoflurane in rats is 1.38% (Flecknell 1987). It is readily available and relatively inexpensive. Isoflurane is usually delivered at 3.5%–4.5% gas in oxygen to induce anesthesia, which is then maintained with a concentration of 1.5%–3% (Flecknell 1996). For longer-term anesthesia, Constantinides et al. (2011) showed isoflurane at 1.5% to provide the most stable heart rate and mean arterial pressure in mice anesthetized for 90 min. Isoflurane maintains better cardiac function than most injectable anesthetics but is a respiratory depressant.
Diagnostic Devices
Published in Laurence J. Street, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, 2016
General anesthetics such as isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane act by blocking ion channels in the nervous system, thus blocking pain and producing unconsciousness. Anesthetic machines are described in Chapter 7.
A multi-channel peripheral nerve stimulator with integrate-and-fire encoding
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Aritra Kundu, Ahmed Fahmy, Ryan Madler, Kevin Otto, Erin Patrick, Jose Principe, Nima Maghari, Rizwan Bashirullah
To test the efficacy of the proposed stimulator with microwire electrode, in vivo studies (n = 3) were performed in rats. All experimental procedures were approved by the guidelines set by University of Florida Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency Animal Care and Use Review Office. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained for the duration of surgery with 1–3% isoflurane in oxygen at 1–2 L/min. Upon induction, all rats (Lewis rats, Charles River) received preoperative meloxicam (1–2 mg/kg SQ, Loxicom, Norbrook Laboratories, Newry, Northern Ireland). The surgical sites were shaved using electrical clippers and aseptically prepped for surgery. Rats were prone positioned on a circulating water bath/heating pad to maintain core body temperature. Heart rate and haemoglobin oxygen saturation were monitored continuously throughout the procedure (PhysioSuite, Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT). Eye ointment was applied to both eyes to prevent them from drying and cause irritation.
A case report of personal exposures to isoflurane during animal anesthesia procedures
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2018
Isoflurane, CAS# 26675-46-7, is a halogenated anesthetic gas widely used for animal anesthesia in both research institutions and veterinary practices.[1] Exposure to waste anesthetic gas (WAG) has been associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes. At high concentrations, potential health effects of WAG exposure include headache, hypotension, tachycardia, respiratory depression, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity.[2] At low concentrations, potential health effects of WAG exposure consist of miscarriage, birth defects (genetic damage), and cancer in exposed workers.[2] Due to limited toxicological data on isoflurane, it is prudent to consider potential health effects to be similar to those of other anesthetic gases such as halothane, methoxyflurane, and enflurane.[3]