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Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Nohyun Lee, Seung Hong Choi, Taeghwan Hyeon
Initial liposomal CT contrast agents were prepared by loading water-soluble iodinated contrast agents [54, 55]. Since these agents were rapidly cleared by the RES, they were used mainly to detect solid tumors of the liver or spleen. Encapsulation of water-soluble iodinated contrast agents in the aqueous interior is still the most widely used methods because commercially available CT contrast agents can be used without modification. Unlike the initial liposomal contrast agents, recent liposomal CT agents are usually modified with PEG to increase their circulation time [19]. With long circulation times, these liposomes can also be used as blood-pool imaging agents. When these agents were administered, cardiac structures and blood vessels as small as 100 u m were revealed using micro-CT. Long-circulating liposomal CT contrast agents are advantageous especially when repeated CT imaging is required. For example, liposomes containing the conventional contrast agent iohexol (Omnipaque 350) were used for imaging of pulmonary embolism [56]. Because the liposomes showed constant blood pool contrast effect over 3.5 h, a single injection of the liposome allowed real-time monitoring of the therapeutic effect of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), which is used for dissolution of blood clots. For accurate imaging, multimodal contrast agents for CT and MRI were developed by co-loading iohexol and gadoteridol [57]. In a rat, contrast enhancement of major blood vessels in CT and MR images was observed up to 3 days after administration.
The effect of hemodynamic parameters in patient-based coronary artery models with serial stenoses: normal and hypertension cases
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
K. E. Hoque, M. Ferdows, S. Sawall, E. E. Tzirtzilakis
Coronary CT angiography was performed on a dual-source CT (DSCT) scanner (SOMATOM Force, Siemens Healthineers, Germany). The scanning parameters were as follows: (i) tube voltage 100 kV, (ii) tube current 450 mAs. Detector collimation 0.75 × 192 × 0.6 mm. Time per gantry revolution 0.25 ms resulting in a temporal resolution of 66 ms. The CTA was performed using prospective ECG-gating. A bolus tracking technique was used for CTA scans and the triggering threshold was set to a CT-value of 100–140 HU in the ascending aorta. The scan was obtained with intravenous injection of 40–60 ml IOHEXOL (350 mg I/mL, IOPAMEDOL 350) at a flow rate of 4–5 ml/s followed by 30 ml saline chaser at the same flow rate. The CTA scan was acquired from 2 cm below the level of the tracheal bifurcation to 1–2 cm below the level of the diaphragm. Image data were routinely automatically reconstructed in best diastolic and best systolic position in the R-R interval with a slice thickness of 0.75 mm, slice increment of 0.75 mm and a medium to smooth convolution kernel B26f. The Field of view (FOV) was 170 mm with a matrix size 256 × 256.