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Natural Oil-Based Polymer: A Sustainable Approach Toward Green Chemistry
Published in Neha Kanwar Rawat, Iuliana Stoica, A. K. Haghi, Green Polymer Chemistry and Composites, 2021
Taruna Singh, Athar Adil Hashmi
Degree of unsaturation of an oil which is measured by calculating the iodine value is the most important factor affecting properties of the oil. Iodine value/ iodine number/ iodine adsorption/iodine index value is the mass of iodine in grams which is consumed by 100 g of an oil or fat. It is used to determine degree of unsaturation in fatty acids. Higher the iodine number, the greater will be the degree of unsaturation in the fat or oil. Depending on their iodine values triglycerides are divided into three categories, that is drying, semi-drying, and nondrying oils. For drying oil, iodine value is higher than 130, for semi-drying oils iodine value range from 90 to 130 while for non-drying oil iodine value is less than 90. Drying power of oil is directly related to the unsaturated nature of oil which on reaction with atmospheric oxygen forms a network. Choice of triglyceride plays an important role in defining the properties of polymer. Coconut oil is very saturated and is used for making soaps while linseed oil is highly unsaturated and is commonly used in the preparation of paints, coatings, inks, and resins.11
Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Biodiesel
Published in Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu, Advances in Clean Energy, 2020
Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu
Classically, the iodine value criterion was used to calculate the total degree of unsaturation in vegetable oils and fats. Measurement of the IV in biodiesel is useful as a reference to avoid problems in engines such as polymerization and deposition on piston rings, engine nozzles, and piston ring grooves. Greater IV amounts are also associated with the development of degradation of various materials, which can adversely affect engine operability and reduction in lubrication property (Bouaid, Martinez, and Aracil 2007). The IV is a chemical parameter that is based on the alkyl double bond reactivity. This is measured by calculating the amount of monohalide iodine contained in a sample. Regional and international standards organizations provide for certain protocols for evaluating IV in biodiesel. The iodine value is related to oxidative stability and represents the oil or fat’s propensity to oxidize, as well as to polymerize and forming deposits in engines. However, several profiles of fatty acids and different fatty acid structures can produce the same IV. In addition, there was no clear observation of links between IV and oxidative stability in an investigation of the biodiesel with an extensive IV range.
Symplocos Paniculata (Sapphire Berry): A Woody And Energy-Efficient Oil Plant
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Susmitha S. Nambuthiri, Richard Koech, Technological Interventions in Management of Irrigated Agriculture, 2018
Qiang Liu, Youping Sun, Jingzheng Chen, Peiwang Li, Genhua Niu, Changzhu Li, Lijuan Jiang
The physicochemical properties are identification indexes of oil quality and they play a vital role in biodiesel production17. The physicochemical properties of several woody oil plant species have been identified in Table 11.2.17 Acid value is a measure of the amount of carboxylic acid groups in fatty acid. The acid value of S. paniculata oil is 18.59 mg of KOH per gram, which is higher than that of other oil plant species listed in the table. The iodine value is an index for the amount of unsaturation in fatty acids. The iodine value of S. paniculata oil is 71.93 g per 100 g, which is 25% lower than peanut oil. Saponification value is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. S. paniculata oil has a saponification value of 152.22 mg of KOH per gram. It is comparable to Sapium sebiferum and Styrax tonkinesis oil and lower than peanut oil. Pretreatment processes are needed to improve the oil quality for biodiesel production, and the acid value of the S. paniculata oil should especially be reduced before transesterification.
Influence of fuel components, injection parameters and nano blends on CRDI engine characteristics fuelled with palm and jatropha methyl esters
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
R. V. S. Madhuri, A. Swarna Kumari
The iodine value is an index of the quantity of iodine (I2) in grams required for the complete saturation of biodiesel molecules of mass 100 grams. It indicates the total level of unsaturation present in biodiesel FAMES. As the IV is a measure of total unsaturation of biodiesel, a linear increase with the DU was expected: the more the unsaturation, the higher the IV (Chapman et al. 2003; Ramos et al. 2009 and Habibullah et al. 2015). The emissions of NOx increase with an increasing iodine value (Habibullah et al. 2015; Kalayasiri, Jayashke, and Krisnangkura 1996). The iodine values of biodiesel fuels are estimated based on equation (2) (Knothe and Dunn 2009; Wang et al. 2012) and the iodine values for JOME and POME are tabulated (Table 5). dbi = number of double bonds present in an ith FAME molecule.
Effectively remove printing ink from plastic surface over quaternary ammonium-modified waste cooking oil
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Xiaoxia Ye, Zhihao Wu, Min Wang, Yuancai Lv, Xiaodan Huang, Yifan Liu, Chunxiang Lin
The saponification value is generally used to identify the average molecular weight of oil or fat, that is, the quality of KOH consumed by alkali hydrolysis of 1-g oil [32,33]. The relevant industry-standard saponification value of soybean oil is 188–193 mg/g (secondary standard). Compared with soybean oil, the WCO has a higher saponification value of 203.4 mg/g, indicating that the WCO has higher fatty acid content. Carboxylic acid group is one of the important factors to assess WCO, and the acid value is generally used to analyse the number of free carboxylic acid groups in a compound (such as a fatty acid) or mixture [34]. According to GB 5009.229-2016, a national standard of China, the acid value of the WCO was 2.9 mg/g and the soybean oil was 2 mg/g (secondary standard), indicating that the WCO contained a large amount of carboxylic acid groups. Besides, the degree of unsaturation is another indicator to analyse the composition of WCO, and iodine value is usually used to indicate the degree of unsaturation in organic compounds [35]. In general, the degree of unsaturation increased with the iodine value. According to GB/T 5532-2008 detection, the iodine value of WCO was 144 g/100 g (secondary standard) and the soybean oil was 124 g/100 g.
Example of removing printing ink from plastic surface using quaternary ammonium-modified waste cooking oil
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Xiaoxia Ye, Zhihao Wu, Min Wang, Yuancai Lv, Xiaodan Huang, Yifan Liu, Chunxiang Lin
The saponification value is generally used to identify the average molecular weight of oil or fat, that is, the quality of KOH consumed by alkali hydrolysis of 1 g oil [32,33]. The relevant industry standard saponification value of soybean oil is 188–193 mg/g (Secondary standard). Compared with soybean oil, the WCO has a higher saponification value of 203.4 mg/g, indicating that the WCO has higher fatty acid content. Carboxylic acid group is one of the important factors to assess WCO, and the acid value is generally used to analyse the amount of free carboxylic acid groups in a compound (such as a fatty acid) or mixture [34]. According to GB 5009.229-2016, a national standard of China, the acid value of the WCO was 2.9 mg/g and the soybean oil was 2 mg/g (Secondary standard), indicating that the WCO contained a large amount of carboxylic acid groups. Besides, the degree of unsaturation is another indicator to analyse the composition of WCO, and iodine value is usually used to indicate the degree of unsaturation in organic compounds [35]. In general, the degree of unsaturation increased with the iodine value. According to GB/T 5532-2008 detection, the iodine value of WCO was 144 g/100 g (Secondary standard) and the soybean oil was 124 g/100 g.