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Qualitative Characterization of Biodiesel Fuels
Published in Ozcan Konur, Biodiesel Fuels, 2021
The ‘iodine number’ (IN) is a measure of the amount of unsaturation of an oil, fat, or wax, measured in grams of iodine absorbed by 100 g of a sample when formally adding iodine to the sample. The IN for biodiesel is higher than that of petrodiesel. It indicates the susceptibility of the oil or fat to undergo polymerization and the ability to form engine deposits. A limiting value of IN is specified as 120, 130, and 140 in EN 14214, EN 14213, and the South African standard, respectively, while it is not addressed in American and Australian standards. It decreases when higher alcohol is used in the production of biodiesel since the IN is the molecular weight dependent. The IN in some cases can be misleading as the same IN can be obtained from an infinite number of fatty acid profiles as well as different fatty acid structures, despite the propensity for oxidation to have extreme values (Knothe, 2002; Knothe et al., 2004).
Rubber-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
Published in István Benedek, Mikhail M. Feldstein, Technology of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Products, 2008
Degree of Unsaturation. Unsaturation accounts for the existence of double carbon–carbon bonds in resins. It is generally indicated by the bromine or iodine number. Both methods are based on the halogen addition to the double carbon–carbon bonds. Bromine number: ASTM D 1159-84. The bromine number is defined as the amount of bromine in grams accepted by 100 g of resin. Typical values are as follows. Nonreactive resins: 10–45 g Br2/100 g resin.Reactive resins: 55–75 g Br2/100 g resin.Highly reactive resins: 65–100 g Br2/100 g resin.Iodine number: ASTM 1959–69. The iodine number is defined as the amount of iodine in grams accepted by 100 g of resin.
Fillers for Elastomer-Based Composite Materials: Synthesis and Characterization
Published in Nikolay Dishovsky, Mihail Mihaylov, Elastomer-Based Composite Materials, 2018
Nikolay Dishovsky, Mihail Mihaylov
The iodine number (or iodine adsorption value) is the mass of iodine in grams that is consumed by 100 g of filler (e.g., CB). Iodine numbers are often used to determine the amount of unsaturation on filler surface. This unsaturation is in the form of double bonds, which react with iodine compounds. The higher the iodine number, the more C = C bonds are present on the filler surface, and more active the filler is. Therefore, iodine number is an important parameter when characterizing a filler.
Effect of feedstock, impurities, and rancidity on likelihood of spontaneous combustion of oil and biodiesel
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Brian Hanson, Dev S. Shrestha, Chad Dunkel
Two feedstocks (WVO and raw linseed oil) were selected. WVO represents highly variable but commonly used feedstock and linseed oil represents a high unsaturated feedstock. Iodine number is a method used to define the number of unsaturated bonds of an oil. A higher iodine number indicates more unsaturated bonds. Oils with the highest iodine values dry most quickly and form the hardest films [13]. Linseed oil, also known as flaxseed oil, is a very unsaturated fuel with a high percentage of 18:3 molecules in its fatty acid profile. Linseed oil typically has an iodine number around 188 compared to around 130 for WVO. Half of the raw oils were converted into their methyl esters to create two types (Raw oil or Biodiesel) of parent feedstocks. These four parent stocks were further divided into fresh and rancid and characterized as rancidity attributes. The rancid stock was prepared from fresh biodiesel or oil as described in the fuel preparation section.
Energy from biomass and plastics recycling: a review
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Samuel Oluwafikayo Adegoke, Adekunle Akanni Adeleke, Peter Pelumi Ikubanni, Chiebuka Timothy Nnodim, Ayokunle Olubusayo Balogun, Olugbenga Adebanjo Falode, Seun Olawumi Adetona
Another type of biofuel is biodiesel, hydro-treated vegetable oil (HVO), and BTL (biomass to liquid fuels) (Charter, 2009). Biodiesel has increased in recent times by 4% (Kumar et al., 2018). Biodiesel is a renewable source of energy. It is non-toxic mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids with high flash point, high cetane value, and calorific value (Das et al., 2018). It has no sulphur, no aromatic material, and can be useful for the external phase of drilling mud due to the presence of asphaltenes and resins, which are important properties for its effectiveness (Oghenejoboh et al., 2013). However, a three double bond present in the ester may oxidize or polymerize. This could result in the creation of more acid or sludge in the fuel (Charter, 2009). Biodiesel has its source from vegetable oil, algae, soybean through the esterification process and has the capacity to recycle carbon dioxide (Rodionova et al., 2016). The properties of both biodiesel and petrol diesel are comparable; however, the viscosity and density of biodiesel could be higher as a result of glycerin content. The un-esterified portion of oil has high viscosity with a large branched molecular structure, while the esterified sample has straight-chain molecules, and free fatty acid contents (Oseh et al., 2019). They also have issues like poor thermal stability, low-energy density, low oxidation stability, too high viscosity, and formation of hydrolysis either in alkaline or acidic phase (Senthilkumar et al., 2018). They attack elastic materials used during completion and downhole drilling (Gonca & Dobrucali, 2016). They could form carboxylic acids and alcohol when the esters react with water at high temperature in alkaline presence (Ismail et al., 2014). The cost of biodiesel production is high because they are produced from the use of chemicals, which makes the cost of operation very high. It is also used by blending with/without diesel from petroleum-based products (Papari & Hawboldt, 2015). Dimethyl ether has also been used in percentage blend with biodiesel and diesel for use in CI engine (Kumar et al., 2018). However, the blending of biodiesel with other products must ensure that the standard properties of the oil have not change. Biodiesel is characterized in terms of cloud point, density, cetane value, acid value, iodine value, volatility, and gross heat of consumption (Chyuan & Silitonga, 2020). Iodine value, which is a function of unsaturated fats, helps to determine oxidation stability level (Abdullah et al., 2013). For instance, Malaysia’s iodine value of jatropha is 135.85 mg/g, while that of Nigeria is 105.20 mg/g. The unsaturated fatty acid of Malaysia and Nigeria jatropha is 72.70% and 78.95%, respectively (Abdullah et al., 2013). Sunflower, soybean, and some other unsaturated oils have good iodine number (maximum of 130) because of the presence of linoleic acid (a function of methyl ester plant giving the oil a high freezing point and high oxygen stability).