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Micro and Nanopipettes for Electrochemical Imaging and Measurement
Published in Allen J. Bard, Michael V. Mirkin, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, 2022
Kristen Alanis, Sasha Elena Alden, Lane Allen Baker, Edappalil Satheesan Anupriya, Henry David Jetmore, Mei Shen
High-resolution electrochemical imaging of (de)intercalation at individual 200-nm diameter LiMn2O4 particles by SECCM was acquired in LiCl.296 This study illustrated the heterogeneity in charging and discharging at single particles with correlated SEM images. Differences in (de)intercalation were attributed to differences in particle size, composition, crystallinity and orientation.296 Kinetic parameters of polycrystalline LiCoO2 (LCO) and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) thin-film electrodes were mapped by SECCM to visualize heterogeneity in the diffusion coefficient at grain boundaries and crystal facets.333 Spatially resolved, nanoscale electrochemical measurements have only been used recently with batteries, with more innovation in environmental control (i.e. oil immersion, inert atmospheres, and ionic liquids) battery materials are ripe for study by pipette-based nanoscale droplet-contact methods.
Energy Storage Device Fundamentals and Technology
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Parvej Ahmad Alvi, Umashankar Subramaniam, Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits and Materials, 2021
Himanshu Priyadarshi, Ashish Shrivastava, Kulwant Singh
If we contemplate the chronological evolution of energy storage cells, it gives us the clue of contemporary dominance of lithium ion cells in the market of energy storage. The Daniel cell opened the avenues for utilization of the electrochemical domain for energy storage, and the discovery of lead acid batteries further consolidated the prospects of electrochemical energy storage by increasing the cell voltage and the amount of energy that can be stored. The discovery of nickel metal hydride cells proved to be a milestone in the market of energy storage as it opened up the gateway to the technological landscape for intercalated electrode structures. The phenomenon of intercalation has proved to be very instrumental in the growth of lithium-based energy storage.
Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Structures—From Synthesis to Applications
Published in Claudia Altavilla, Enrico Ciliberto, Inorganic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Applications, and Perspectives, 2017
Reversible alkali metal intercalation is one of the key technologies for energy storage in the form of rechargeable batteries. The large surface area of the IF nanopowder could be advantageous for electrode material, provided it would contain sufficient reactive sites for the intercalation/deintercalation process. Moreover, the intercalation may change the properties of the IF, stimulating the search for new possible applications.
Mechanism of catalytic ozonation in expanded graphite aqueous suspension for the degradation of organic acids
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Yang Song, Sha Feng, Wen Qin, Jun Ma
Expanded graphite (EG) is a type of modified graphite that is exfoliation of graphite intercalation compound between most of its carbon layers. The graphite intercalation process is conducted by thermal, chemical and electrochemical methods which could be produced at a large scale. The microscopic appearance of EG is characterized by a worm-like or accordion-like with a large number of mesh holes in its structure [15]. EG has been applied in many fields as catalysts such as chemical synthesis, electrochemistry and catalytic oxidation due to its properties including larger surface area, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance and good thermal conductivity [16]. Xu et al. found that peroxymonosulfate could be activated with EG and EG loaded CoFe2O4 particles enhancing degradation of sulfamethoxazole [17]. However, very few studies focus on EG catalysts for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of organic pollutants. Since EG can be produced on large scale with relative low toxicity and cost, it may serve as a promising catalyst support for catalytic ozonation. In this study, the novelty mainly focuses on the performance of the new carbon material EG to catalyze ozonation and the exploration of the possible mechanism.
Expandable Graphite in Polyethylene: The Effect of Modification, Particle Size and the Synergistic Effect with Ammonium Polyphosphate on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
Jianing Liu, Xiuyan Pang, Xiuzhu Shi, Jianzhong Xu
In order to prevent combustion and delay fire spread, flame retardants (FRs) are commonly used in polymers since the 1960s (Kemmlein et al., 2003). Although the halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) show excellent efficiency in suppressing ignition and slowing the spread of the flame (Wit, 2002), the use of HFRs is limited due to the release of toxic gases and smoke (Inagaki et al., 1977; Sen et al., 1991). As typical halogen-free FRs (HFFRs), metal hydroxides (Gao et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2010, 2016), layered double hydroxides (Kalali et al., 2018), phosphorus FRs (Nguyen et al., 2012; Seefeldt et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2018), hosphorus-silicon FRs, etc. (Wang et al., 2010) have been extensively used as smoke suppressants and non-toxic additives. Meanwhile, intumescent flame retardant (IFR) has been confirmed to be a kind of highly effective and environmentally friendly FR. Especially, the graphite intercalation compound (GIC), namely expandable graphite (EG), is known as a new generation of IFR which is halogen-free, non-dropping, and has low-smoke. It has multiple functions such as char-forming agent, blowing agent, and smoke suppressant (Ge et al., 2012; Kruger et al., 2017). Due to its excellent performance, EG has been extensively used in the flame retardation of polyurethane (PU) or PU coatings (Lorenzetti et al., 2017; Ming et al., 2017), polyolefin (Shen et al., 2017), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) (Pang et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2013), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and so on (Pang et al., 2015).
DNA and RNA binding studies on a novel bromo-bridged dimeric copper(II) complex stabilized from a Schiff base ligand
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2019
Naba Kr Mandal, Bhargab Guhathakurta, Pritha Basu, Ankur Bikash Pradhan, Chandra Shekhar Purohit, Shubhamoy Chowdhury, Jnan Prakash Naskar
Ethidium bromide (EB) displacement assay was employed for the determination of mode of binding of complex and ligand with nucleic acids. EB is a well-known classical DNA-intercalator commonly used as a fluorescent tag. On displacement of EB from its EB-DNA complex by a molecule, the fluorescence intensity lessens. This is suggestive of the intercalation of the molecule inside the helix. On addition of 1 to the EB-DNA and EB-Poly(A) complex, we observed a quenching in fluorescence intensity and it reaches half of the initial value after addition of 21 μM and 39 μM concentration of 1 for EB-DNA and EB-Poly(A), respectively (Figures 6 and S11). It indicates the intercalative nature of the binding of complex with DNA and partial intercalative binding or groove binding nature of complex with Poly(A) as the IC50 value was high for Poly(A).