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Phytases and Their Characteristic Features and Biotechnological Applications in Animal Feed
Published in Pankaj Bhatt, Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes, 2023
Syed Zakir Hussain Shah, Mahroze Fatima, Mehwish Khan, Muhammad Bilal
According to Pointillart et al. (1985), phosphatase and phytase capability of phytate degradation, rising from the mucosa of the small intestine, is assumed to be terminated because of its minimum and slower activity. Nevertheless, Hu et al. (1996) found highly noticeable mucosal phytase activity in the jejunum of pigs, as the efficiency for IP3 (myo-inositol triphosphate) was maximum and dropped when phosphorylation of molecule of phytate increased, which is linked with the decrease in solubility. The authors proposed that dephosphorylation of lower esters derived from myo-inositol phosphate might have an influence on mucosal phytase.
Application of Metabolomics to Discover the Implications of Nanomaterials for Crop Plants
Published in Ramesh Raliya, Nanoscale Engineering in Agricultural Management, 2019
Yuxiong Huang, Lijuan Zhao, Arturo A. Keller
In additional studies, with cucumber plants exposed throughout their entire life-cycle (seed to fruit harvest), we detected 239 metabolites using GC-TOF-MS, identifying 107 metabolites conclusively (An et al. 2016). The metabolites were ranked based on their variable importance in projection (VIP). VIP is the weighted sum of the squares of the PLS-DA analysis, which indicates the importance of a variable (metabolite) to the entire model (Garcia-Sevillano et al. 2014). Forty compounds were identified as discriminating metabolites (VIP > 1) between treatments of different nCu concentrations, for example, carbohydrates (1-kestose, xylose and fructose), amino acids and their derivatives (ornithine, citrulline, glycine, proline, oxoproline, methionine and aspartic acids), carboxylic acids (citric, glutaric, shikimic, benzoic and pelargonic acids) and fatty acids (arachidic, linolenic and caprylic acids). nCu clearly perturbed 15 metabolic pathways (Fig. 4). Five of these pathways (galactose metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism) are related to carbohydrate metabolism. Six pathways (arginine and proline metabolism; lysine biosynthesis; phenylalanine metabolism; phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; tyrosine metabolism; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism) are related to amino acid synthesis and metabolism. In addition, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, and methane metabolism were also disturbed; these pathways are related to lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, and energy metabolism, respectively. These results indicate that accumulated nCu may have a significant impact on carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism for cucumber plants. Interestingly, exposure to nCu reduced photosynthetic rate. In addition, stomatal conductance and transpiration rates tended to increase in nCu treatments compared to the control. The decline in carbon assimilation and increase in transpiration rates resulted in a statistically significantly decline in water use efficiency. However, root, stem, leaf and fruit biomass were not statistically impacted. Thus, these early results indicate the importance of understanding the extent to which organisms may be affected at lower doses than previously considered in previous studies of ENM ecotoxicity.
Bacterial-Assisted Phytoextraction Mechanism of Heavy Metals by Native Hyperaccumulator Plants from Distillery Waste–Contaminated Site for Eco-restoration
Published in Ram Chandra, R.C. Sobti, Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation, 2019
After nitrogen, phosphorus is the second essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Although, the amount of phosphorus in the soil is generally quite high (often between 400 and 1,200 mg/kg of soil), most of this phosphorus is insoluble and therefore not available to support plant growth; however, only a very small fraction (~0.1%) is available to plants. Insoluble phosphorus is present as either an inorganic mineral such as apatite or as one of several organic forms, including inositol phosphate, phosphomonesters, and phosphotriesters. Plants can only take up phosphorous in monobasic (H2PO4−) or dibasic (HPO42−) soluble form. Under metal-stressed conditions, most metal-resistant plant growth–promoting bacteria (PGPB) can either convert these insoluble phosphates into available forms through acidification, chelation, exchange reactions, and release of organic acids (lactic, citric, 2-ketogluconic, malic, glycolic, oxalic, malonic, tartaric, valeric, piscidic, succinic, and formic acids) or mineralize organic phosphates by secreting extracellular phosphatases (Zaidi et al. 2006; Ahemad 2014a). Thus, solubilization and mineralization of phosphorus by phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) such as Azotobaccter chrococcum, Bacillus spp., Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas chlorraphis, Pseudomonas putida, Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium spp. are an important trait in PGPR as well as in plant growth–promoting fungi such as mychorrizae (Alori et al. 2017; Ahemad 2014b; Sharma et al. 2013). Additionally, PSB not only protect plants from phytopathogens through the production of antibiotics, HCN, phenazines, and antifungal metabolites, etc. (Upadhayay and Srivastava 2012; Singh et al. 2013) but also promote plant growth through N2 fixation (He et al. 2010), siderophore production (Ahemad and Khan 2012a,b), phytohormone secretion (Oves et al. 2013), and lowering ethylene levels (Kumar et al. 2009). In addition, various plant growth–promoting traits of PSB, such as secretion of siderophores, IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) production, and ACC deaminase activity, contribute to enhancing the phytoremediation capability of plants (Glick 2012). PSB remediate metal-contaminated soils largely through facilitating either phytostabilization or. Examples of successful remediation of HMs by using plant-rhizosphere bacteria partnerships are listed in Table 1.1.
Preparation of pure lower-order myo-Inositol phosphates on laboratory scale for physiological and enzymatic studies
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Anion-exchange chromatography was used to separate the different myo-inositol phosphate esters. Baseline separation of the myo-inositol phosphate esters with different numbers of phosphate residues (x = 3 − 6) bound to the myo-inositol ring was found be to feasible up to an amount of 10 mmol myo-inositol phosphates loaded onto the column (Q-Sepharose fast flow, 5 × 42 cm) using a stepwise elution with ammonium formate-formic acid, pH 2.5 (Fig. 3). To determine concentration and purity of the myo-inositol phosphate preparations, ion-pair chromatography was applied. The purified myo-inositol phosphate isomers were virtually free of other myo-inositol phosphate esters (below the detection limit of the HPLC system of 2 nmol per myo-inositol phosphate ester).
Investigating the potential origin and formation of humic substances in biological wastewater treatment systems from the forms of phosphorus
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Mengfan Chen, Xibiao Jin, Yuan Wang, Haojie Bao
Calculation of the relative proportions of the different forms in the HA and FA samples (Table 4) showed that the P in SFA and EFA was all in the form of diester fragments; that diester fragments accounted for 10.08% and 47.39% in SHA and SHA, respectively, and the rest were monoester fragments. The main components of SHA were (a) inositol phosphate and products from its degradation and (b) nucleic acid P, comprising RNA, DNA, and mononucleotides, and accounted for 65.10% and 24.05%, respectively; sugar phosphate and phospholipids were also present in lower proportions. Nucleic acid P and inositol phosphate, which accounted for 72.51% and 25.12%, respectively, were the main components of EHA, with smaller proportions of sugar phosphate and phospholipids also present. He [13] analysed IHSS standard HS samples by 31P-NMR and found that the P in the HA and FA of Elliott soil was present as orthophosphate and monoesters at relative proportions of 21% and 79%, and 40% and 60%, respectively, and that the P in Waskish peat HA and FA was orthophosphate. Hinedi [26] and Makarov [27] both thought that phosphate esters would be degraded or even mineralized gradually by microorganisms, namely, the diester P fragments would be converted relatively quickly to monoester P fragments with high microbial activity, and monoester P fragments were much more resistant to further mineralization. This means that, as the degree of humification increased, the proportions of diester P fragments and monoester P fragments decreased and that the degree of humification of bio-HS was less than that of HS in soil and peat.