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Grid Energy Scenario and Storage Systems for the Vehicle-to-Grid Technology
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, Smart Grid in IoT-Enabled Spaces, 2020
In the electric grid, a bidirectional system supports V2G technology that determines the system efficiency of V2G to cover the core infrastructure. Therefore, a considerable infrastructure may be produced to signify the use of connectors, i.e., Type 1,2,Hybrid-IEC 62196-2, Type 1,2,Combo-Hybrid SAE J1772, and CHAdeMO. The connector namely CHAdeMO is used in DC systems. The energy bases such as renewable energy and power plants convert into DC energies that connect the grid storage networks. When the number of DC lines increases, the THD ratio may automatically increase the grid computing. In the grid infrastructure, the DC lines may be influential in V2G technology that improves the charging performance in public. The conversion of power electronics may change the energy loss when there is an energy change from DC to AC. The grid infrastructure and THD issue are so critical to reduce the load balance.
Low–Power Commercial, Automotive, and Appliance Connections
Published in Paul G. Slade, Electrical Contacts, 2017
Another type of connection is used for charging the batteries on plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles. The charger connectors need to survive thousands of mating cycles without degrading the connection. Figure 6.35 shows a charge plug made to the SAE J1772 or IEC 62196-2 standards [53,54]. The terminal contacts are typically plated with silver or gold, and they are designed to meet requirements for low connection resistance after thousands of mating cycles in a relatively dirty environment.
Assessment of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and its impact on the electric grid: A review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Muhammad Ashfaq, Osama Butt, Jeyraj Selvaraj, Nasrudin Rahim
In collaboration with SAE, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association has launched another type of connector known as combined charging system (CCS) or combo connector. The key objective behind this idea was to compete with Japanese CHAdemo, which was completely dominant throughout the world at that time for DC charging. The main feature of this connector is that with a single connector, it can support AC charging as well as DC charging. It meets the standards of IEC 62196–1, IEC 62196–2, and IEC 62196–3 set for AC and DC charging of EVs (Aziz and Oda 2018). In the US standard household’s sockets voltage is120 volts while in Europe its 230 V. Due to this difference, the US uses ccs1 or combo1 whereas Europe uses ccs2 or combo 2. EV’s connector of css1 and css2 has retained one ground pin and two communication pins of Type 1 connector and Type 2 connector, respectively. In addition to that, 2 DC pins are included for Dc charging. Whereas for EV’s inlet, the pin configurations of top part for ccs1 and css2 are the same as in type 1 connector and type 2 connector, respectively. While extra two DC pins are included in the lower part. CCS can deliver maximum power of 350 kW, with a voltage and current ratings of 200–1000 V and 350 A, respectively, and it uses power line communication (PLC) protocol for communications between EV and EVSE (Knez, Zevnik, and Obrecht 2019).
A Comprehensive Review on Level 2 Charging System for Electric Vehicles
Published in Smart Science, 2018
Saadullah Khan, Samir Shariff, Aqueel Ahmad, Mohammad Saad Alam
The main difference between charging levels 1, 2, and 3 [38] is the voltage [39]. The PEV charging levels with respet to their locations are described in Table 1. Types of charging levels [40] and their particular power handling capacity are as follows- (i) Level 1 charging system: 120 VAC, 1-phase, 16 amp maximum current and 2-kilowatt of power is used to supply onboard charging system of EVs. NEMA 5-15 connectors of SAEJ1772 are suitable for these type of chargers. (ii) Level 2 charging system: 240 VAC, 1-phase, 12–80 amp maximum current, and 2.9–19.2 kW power is suitable for the charger. IEC 62198-2-Scame and 62198-2- Mennekes connectors, SAEJ1772, IEC 62196, IEC 60309, are typically suitable for these type of chargers. (iii) Level 3 AC charging system: 400 V, 3-phase power is converted from AC to DC and this converted power is directly applied to charge the EVs. Maximum of 32–63 amp of current and 22.1–43.7-kilowatt of power can be supplied by these types of chargers. Connectors used are IEC 60309, Magne charge, IEC 62198-2-Mennekes and 62198-2- Same connectors. (iv) Level 3 DC fast charging system [41] 300–600 V DC is directly supplied to charge EVs. Maximum 400 amp current and 240-kilowatt of power can be supplied by these type of chargers. Connectors used are SAE J 1772 Combo, IEC 62196 Mennekes Combo and CHAdeMO [42].
A Review of the Electric Vehicle Charging Techniques, Standards, Progression and Evolution of EV Technologies in Germany
Published in Smart Science, 2018
Aqueel Ahmad, Zeeshan Ahmad Khan, Mohammad Saad Alam, Siddique Khateeb
IEC 62196-1 Ed. 2.0 [93] published in 2014 superseding IEC 62196-1 refers to the plugs being employed for the industrial and multiphase applications like in chemical industries, heavy industries, water treatment plants, construction sites, and shipyards. Few of these plug types were also being employed for the automotive charging process and they are covered by the IEC 62196-2 Ed. 1.0.