China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Smart Energy Resources: Supply and Demand
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2018
Stuart Borlase, Sahand Behboodi, Thomas H. Bradley, Miguel Brandao, David Chassin, Johan Enslin, Christopher McCarthy, Stuart Borlase, Thomas Bradley, David P. Chassin, Johan Enslin, Gale Horst, Régis Hourdouillie, Salman Mohagheghi, Casey Quinn, Julio Romero Aguero, Aleksandar Vukojevic, Bartosz Wojszczyk, Eric Woychik, Alex Zheng, Daniel Zimmerle
The two most common automotive industry charging standards are the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standard J1772 in the USA, and IEC 61851 in Europe and China. SAE J1772 defines three AC and DC charging levels (Table 3.7). Utility power is delivered as AC to the premise where the EVSE (Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment) is installed. The vehicle battery stores DC power, so the conversion from AC to DC is required to charge the battery. In AC charging, the AC to DC conversion for the DC battery occurs in the vehicles onboard charger. In DC charging, the AC to DC conversion occurs in the EVSE off-board the vehicle. Currently, the most common is AC charging. Level 1 AC is when the charger is simply plugged into a 120-V wall socket, and it requires that the charger electronics be built into the car. Level 2 AC charging also assumes the electronics are in the car, but the charging source is single-phase AC at a nominal 240 V, with a maximum current capability of 32 A. Level 3 AC charging is still to be determined, but assumes that the vehicle charging electronics can handle either single-phase or three-phase AC via the charging port. Although various power levels of charging have been proposed, Level 1 charging (110 V, 15 A) is currently the most common. Level 2 and Level 3 rapid chargers have increased power ratings, but the installation of Level 2 and Level 3 chargers can be a slow and costly process, especially for residential installations [60,61]. The IEC 61851 used in Europe and China was derived from J1772 and has similar requirements, adapted for the European and Asian AC line voltages. Most terminology differences are superficial. Where the SAE standard describes “methods” and “levels,” the IEC standard talks about “modes,” which are virtually the same. For example, IEC 61851 Mode 1 relates to household charging from single-phase 250 V (maximum) or three-phase 480-V power connections, with a maximum current of 16 A. There are further unique requirements for grounding. IEC 61851 Mode 2 uses the same voltages as Mode 1, but doubles the maximum allowable current to 32. Mode 2 also adds a requirement for a “control pilot function,” and an integral ground-fault interrupter. IEC 61851 Mode 3 supports fast charging with currents up to 250A. Above that, as with J1772, it allows an external DC supply that may supply up to 400A.
A Comprehensive Review on Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging System
Published in Smart Science, 2018
Saadullah Khan, Aqueel Ahmad, Furkan Ahmad, Mahdi Shafaati Shemami, Mohammad Saad Alam, Siddiq Khateeb
The safety standards that should be complied by the chargers are as follows [65]: (i) SAE J2929 is the standard for Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion Battery System Safety. (ii) ISO 26262: Road Vehicles – Functional safety ii) ISO 6469-3: Electric Road Vehicles – Safety Specifications – Part 3: Protection of Persons Against Electric Hazards (iii) ECE R100: Protection against Electric Shock (iv) IEC 61000: Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) (v) IEC 61851-21: Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging system – Part 21: Electric Vehicle Requirements for Conductive Connection to an AC/DC Supply [102] (vi) IEC 60950: Safety of Information Technology Equipment (vii) UL 2202: Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging System Equipment (viii) FCC Part 15 Class B: The Federal Code of Regulation (CFR) FCC Part 15 for EMC Emission Measurement Services for Information Technology Equipment. (ix) IP6K9K, IP6K7 protection class. (x) −40 C to 105 C ambient air temperature.
Assessment of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and its impact on the electric grid: A review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Muhammad Ashfaq, Osama Butt, Jeyraj Selvaraj, Nasrudin Rahim
The IEC 61851–1 is an international standard, which is acceptable in European Union and other countries. By keeping in view many factors such as the nature of the power injected into EV (single-phase AC, three-phase AC or DC), grounding and protection of the system, the IEC 61851–1 committee on “EV conductive charging system” has set four charging modes of an EV. These four modes are classified as: Mode1: