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Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria in Agricultural Soils
Published in Vivek Kumar, Rhizomicrobiome Dynamics in Bioremediation, 2021
Guillermo Bravo, Paulina Vega-Celedón, Constanza Macaya, Ingrid-Nicole Vasconez, Michael Seeger
Nitrification Nitrification is an essential process in the nitrogen cycle in soils, which involves the biological oxidation of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate in the presence of oxygen by bacteria and archaea (Hernández et al. 2011). Several enzymes participate in the oxidation of reduced nitrogen compounds. The transmembrane enzyme ammonia monooxygenase oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine. NH2OH is subsequently oxidized by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase to nitrite (Hernández et al. 2011). Due to the high solubility of nitrate in agricultural systems, nitrification may cause negative effects, generating losses in crop production, and causing water eutrophication. It has been estimated that nitrification produces worldwide losses of 37 Tg of N year–1 in soil (Mosier et al. 2004).
Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers
Published in John R. Reynolds, Barry C. Thompson, Terje A. Skotheim, Conjugated Polymers, 2019
Au-ECP nanocomposites have found applications in sensors, and particularly for glucose sensing [122, 126, 127]. Other examples involving the detection of nitric oxide [128], hydroxylamine [129], or dopamine [130] can be also cited. It is worth mentioning that PPy and Au NP being biocompatible systems, their use as sensors in biological media like human serum [130], blood, or neuronal cells [128] can be envisioned.
Reactions With Disinfectants
Published in Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber, Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry, 2018
Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber
Trichloramine occurs in appreciable concentrations only at pH < 3.5. At very high relative HOCl concentrations, combined chlorine species disappear by a complex process referred to as the breakpoint reaction, characterized by decreasing concentrations of combined chlorine, concomitant formation of inorganic nitrogen compounds, and the eventual appearance of free chlorine in solution, which occurs at a hypochlorite —to —ammonia mole ratio of approximately 2. During this incompletely understood process (Weil and Morris, 1974), chloramines are further oxidized to intermediate forms that may include hydroxylamine (NH2OH), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrite (NO2−). The ultimate products are nitrogen gas and nitrate, NO3−.
Effect of operational parameters and Pd/In catalyst in the reduction of nitrate using copper electrode
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Thiago Favarini Beltrame, Vanessa Coelho, Luciano Marder, Jane Zoppas Ferreira, Fernanda Albana Marchesini, Andrea Moura Bernardes
Among other byproducts that can be formed in the experiments, there is the hydroxylamine (NH2OH). Hydroxylamine is an alkaline compound containing the hydroxylammonium ([NH3OH]+) ion. In acid or alkaline medium, there is the dissociation of the compound, according to reactions (8) and (9), respectively. In acid solutions, ammonium ion can be formed (Equation (8)), while in alkaline solutions there is the formation of ammonia gas (Equation (9)) [32], meaning that this product will be also considered by its byproducts analysis.
Gallic acid influence on azo dyes oxidation by Fenton processes
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Carlos Henrique Borges Tabelini, Juan Pablo Pereira Lima, André Aguiar
When treating solutions containing dyes by Fenton processes, the addition of reducing phenolic compounds increases the degradation efficiency [10–12]. Certain compounds can minimise the unwanted accumulation of Fe3+ generated by the classical Fenton reaction due to the constant regeneration of Fe2+ faster than H2O2 (Fenton-like reaction), thus allowing a higher production of HO● [9]. Several synthetic compounds have been tested as potential reducers [9], but many of them present certain toxicity, such as hydroxylamine [13].
Inhibitory Effect of Solvent Extractants on Growth and Metabolism of Acidophiles
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Roozbeh Saneie, Hadi Abdollahi, Seyed Ziaedin Shafaei, Amirhossein Mohammadzadeh
Hydroxylamine was found to be extremely toxic to microorganisms since it inhibits their metabolisms by causing either mutations or lethal changes (Gross and Smith 1985). Other than disrupting bio-oxidation, hydroxylamine reduces Fe3+ into Fe2+ based on the following reaction (Bengtsson, Fronæus and Bengtsson-Kloo 2002):