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Tire Reinforcements
Published in Brendan Rodgers, Tire Engineering, 2020
Nylon is a polyamide polymer characterized by the presence of amide groups, -CO-NH-, in the main polymer chain. A wide variety of nylon polymers are available but only two have found application in tires: nylon 6,6 and nylon 6. Nylon 6,6 is produced from a condensation reaction between adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. The “6,6” in the polymer designation denotes the six carbon atoms of hexamethylenediamine and the six carbon atoms of adipic acid. Nylon 6 is produced from caprolactam by a ring-opening polymerization. As caprolactam contains six carbon atoms and only one monomer is used, the polymer is thus designated “nylon 6”. After the polymerization stage, the material is passed through a spinneret to form filaments, is cooled, and then twisted to form a yarn. This is then drawn out by up to 500% to orientate the polymer chains, create polymer crystallite zones, and increase the tensile strength.
Recent Developments to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Textile and Apparel
Published in Asis Patnaik, Sweta Patnaik, Fibres to Smart Textiles, 2019
Post-consumer nylon products such as fishing nets and carpets can be recycled into nylon fibres. There are two major types of nylon: nylon 6 polymerized from one monomer caprolactam and nylon 6,6 polymerized from two monomers, i.e., adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine. Nylon 6 can be chemically recycled by depolymerizing into caprolactam and repolymerizing to nylon 6 for a closed-loop recycling process (Wang 2010). One commercial example of closed-loop carpet recycling is EcoWorx carpet tile made by Shaw Industries (Dalton, Georgia, USA). Shaw Industries collected used EcoWorx carpet tiles from users, separated nylon 6 face fibres and the polyolefin backing and recycled the nylon 6 through the depolymerization process (which was done by Honeywell International Inc.) to make face fibres for new carpet tiles (Segar et al. 2003). Since nylon 6,6 is synthesized from two monomers, depolymerization of nylon 6,6 is more complicated than nylon 6. Closed-loop nylon 6,6 recycling process through the depolymerization–repolymerization process has not been commercially implemented, and nylon 6,6 recycling is done through melt processing (Wang 2010).
Ionic Chain-Reaction and Complex Coordination Polymerization (Addition Polymerization)
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
Nylon-6 is produced from the ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam (5.46). Since each unit contains six carbon atoms, it is named nylon-6, concurring to the naming of nylons. Along with having an analogous structure, it is not surprising that its physical and chemical properties are very similar to those of nylon-66 and they can generally be used to replace one another with almost no change in physical behavior. Below, 5.46 describes the synthesis of nylon-6 employing sodium methoxide as the initiator.
Mechanical and tribological performance evaluation of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene octene copolymer toughened acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/polyamide 6 composites strengthened with glass fibres
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Shankare Gowda, Srinivas S, Santhosh G, Siddaramaiah Basavarajaiah
E-glass fibres with a length 4.5 mm and diameter of 13 microns were supplied by Nippon Electric Glass, Malaysia. While, ABS of 20 MFI and nylon 6 of extrusion grade 2.7 RV were obtained from LG Chemicals, Korea and GSFC, India, respectively. ABS is a terpolymer made by polymerising styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene, chemical formula – (C8H8)x .(C4H6)y.(C3H3)z .Density lies in between 1.060 and 1.08 g/cm3, insoluble in water, glass transition temperature 105 °C and ABS is amorphous therefore has no melting point. Nylon 6 fibres are tough and abrasion resistant, possessing glass transition temperature of 47 °C, density of 1.14 g/cc and melting point of 215 °C. Whereas E glass fibre has composition of 54% SiO2, 15% Al2O3 12% CaO density ranges between 2.55 and 2.6 and glass transition temperature of 1016F
Structure and properties of nylon-6/amino acid modified nanoclay composite fibers
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Zahra Hasani, Mostafa Youssefi, Sedigheh Borhani, Shadpour Mallakpour
Nylon-6 is a type of multicrystalline-form polymer with three different crystalline forms; α, β, and γ. It often has the more stable α form rather than the γ form. The β crystalline form, or mesomorphic phase, can hardly be separated from the amorphous component by WAXS. It is deliberately ignored in most reports dealing with nylon-6 (Ray & Okamoto, 2003).WAXS diffractograms of the neat PA6 and composite fibers are shown in Figure 5. The crystalline part consists of two α peaks at scattering angles 2θ ≍ 19° and 24°. On the other hand, one asymmetric γ peak at 2θ ≍ 21° actually consist of two close peaks ([200] and [001] equatorial reflections). All samples exhibit characteristic features of a mixture of α and γ crystal structure as illustrated in Figure 5. The equatorial pattern could be separated into amorphous and crystalline contributions. In order to separate the various contributions to the WAXS patterns of the fibers and determine the weight-fractions of α and γ crystalline phases and the overall crystallinity, the patterns were analyzed using curve fitting procedures. Gaussian functions were used to fit the various contributions to the intensity profile following a previously described procedure (Youssefi, Morshed, & Kish, 2007). Figure 6 shows an example of decomposition involving an amorphous scattering, two α reflections and one γ reflection in the scattering angle domain 15°<2θ < 30°. The crystallinity percentage of the fibers was evaluated from the following equation:
Impact properties of thermoplastic composites
Published in Textile Progress, 2018
Ganesh Jogur, Ashraf Nawaz Khan, Apurba Das, Puneet Mahajan, R. Alagirusamy
Polyamide (PA) when reinforced with fibres, is widely used in load-bearing applications and structural components. Figure 6 illustrates one of the polyamide chemical structures i.e., nylon 6,6. PA has better strength and stiffness over PP and PE and also shows excellent temperature performance up to 200 °C. PA has good thermal stability and melts at temperatures 215 °C–220 °C [6]. Nylons with various chemical structures are available, namely:nylon 6, (polycaprolactam, the polymamide formed from the C6 compound, caprolactam)nylon 6.6, (the polyamide formed by the condensation polymerization reaction between two C6 compounds, adipic acid and hexamethylene tetramine)nylon 6.10, (the polyamide formed by the condensation polymerization reaction between the C10 compound sebacoyl chloride and hexamethylene tetramine)nylon 6.12, (the polyamide formed by the condensation polymerization reaction between the C12 compound dodecanedioic acid and hexamethylene tetramine)nylon 11, (the polyamide formed from the C11 compound, undecanolactam)nylon 12, (the polyamide formed from the C12 compound, laurolactam) andnylon MXD6 (a polyamide, distinctive because it contains an aromatic ring in each repeat unit within the polyamide backbone chain, that is formed by the condensation polymerization reaction between the C6 compound, adipic acid, and m-xylenediamine)