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Burner Technology for Hydrogen Fuel
Published in Debi Prasad Mishra, Advances in Combustion Technology, 2023
Debi Prasad Mishra, Swarup Y. Jejurkar
High-pressure compression (~20 MPa) is the most common method of storing free hydrogen. Innovations in pressure vessel technology and steelmaking enable storage pressures as high as 80 MPa [3] and densities ~40 kg/m3, as shown in Figure 3.1b. At the same time, required strength of cylinder walls goes up and it diminishes the gravimetric density [3]. Composite materials of much higher tensile strength (σv) than steel and less density are being considered for high-pressure compression of H2 gas [3]. Innovations are also underway to improve the safety margin for large-scale hydrogen storage using compression [3]. However, inherently low achievable density and relatively very high pressures are the important bottlenecks for compressed hydrogen storage systems.
Green Hydrogen Energy: Storage in Carbon Nanomaterials and Polymers
Published in Neha Kanwar Rawat, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Applied Biopolymer Technology and Bioplastics, 2021
Brahmananda Chakraborty, Gopal Sanyal
Being carrier of energy, hydrogen storage technically means storing energy. Depending on functionality, hydrogen storage technologies may be classified into five major groups: (1) high-pressure gas storage, (2) liquid hydrogen, (3) physically bound hydrogen, (4) chemically bound hydrogen, and (5) hydrolytic evolution of hydrogen [11]. In view of application, all hydrogen storage technologies fall into either of these two domains: stationary storage and portable storage or on-board storage or storage for mobile applications. High pressure gas storage is regarded as the most common hydrogen storage solution till date. Liquid hydrogen although being quite mature technology, needs very low temperature for liquefaction. Among all forms of hydrogen, liquid hydrogen bestows both the highest volumetric and gravimetric storage density (Figure 9.3(a[43], b[44])) The above two solutions are very much suitable for stationary applications such as underground gas storage to provide grid energy availability for intermittent energy sources or ‘power to gas’ technology to translate electrical power to a gas fuel. Hydrogen energy density is not a great concern for stationary applications.
Psychopathology
Published in Richard Kerslake, Elizabeths Templeton, Lisanne Stock, Revision Guide for MRCPsych Paper A, 2018
Hydrogen storage is an important tool enabling the advancement of hydrogen technology and natural batteries in applications including electricity, mobile power, and transportation. Hydrogen has the highest energy per mass of any fuel data. However, its low ambient temperature density results in a low energy per unit volume, thus responding to the development of advanced storage methods that have the potential for higher density qualities. Hydrogen can be physically stored as a gas or a liquid. Storing hydrogen as a gas usually requires normal high pressure (pressure of 350–700 bar [5,000–10,000 psi]). Hydrogen storage as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures because the boiling point of hydrogen at 1 atmospheric pressure is −252.8°C. Hydrogen can also be stored on the surface of solids (by adsorption) or inside solids (by absorption).
A review on fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain modeling and simulation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Eda Alpaslan, Sera Ayten Çetinkaya, Ceren Yüksel Alpaydın, S. Aykut Korkmaz, Mustafa Umut Karaoğlan, C. Ozgur Colpan, K. Emrah Erginer, Aytaç Gören
Hydrogen, which has a very high energy density by weight, is a promising candidate for the use as a fuel in vehicles. Hydrogen needs to be stored in a small and light container due to restrictions such as size and weight in the vehicle. Physical hydrogen storage methods include compressed gas, liquid, and cryo-compressed storage. Hydrogen can be also chemically stored in metal hydride and chemical hydride (Chilev and Lamari 2016). V The flow charts for the mathematical modeling of hydrogen storage methods are given in Figure 4.
Integrated application strategy of large-scale intelligent building based on renewable energy technology
Published in Intelligent Buildings International, 2023
In the building energy structure, the coupling relationship between renewable energy and other energy sources is very complex, and there are various seasonal energy loads (Tsioumas et al. 2021). At the same time, energy such as hydrogen, heat, and cold in the power system has slow-changing dynamic characteristics, so coordinating different types of energy conversion equipment and stabilizing the random energy consumption in the system is critical to realizing zero-carbon supply of building energy and achieving stable, efficient, and economical energy management. It has important practical significance. In the off grid operation of building photovoltaic energy, there is a certain uncertainty between photovoltaic output and load power consumption. When the photovoltaic output power is sufficient and the load requirement is small, energy waste will be caused. The shortage of electricity makes it difficult to achieve real-time matching of electricity and electric energy, which seriously affects the further development of photovoltaic power generation in the power system (Wang et al. 2021). The energy storage device has the functions of energy storage and energy release, and the reasonable distribution of energy storage in the building photovoltaic power supply system can reduce the power consumption and load quality problems caused by the uncertainty of photovoltaic output. Hydrogen storage systems have significant advantages of being clean, efficient, and high energy density. Hydrogen storage and transport is a new type of hydrogen storage system (Tontiwachwuthikul, Wilson, and Idem 2022). Burned water can only produce zero carbon emissions, which will be one of the important energy sources for realizing zero-carbon energy supply in buildings in the future. Therefore, this research aims to construct a smart building integrated system considering the renewable energy of solar energy and hydrogen energy to achieve zero-carbon energy management. The contribution of the research lies in the innovative use of MPC rolling optimization method to carry out mathematical modeling of building multi energy, and the realization of dynamic regulation of building unit level equipment power. At the same time, the relaxation constraint penalty term is added to the optimization objective, which ensures that the system has the ability to cope with complex working conditions, and further enhances the reliability of energy management methods.
Effect of hydrogen addition on flame stability and structure for low heating value coaxial nonpremixed flames
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Cheolhee Shin, Hyeon Taek Nam, Seungro Lee
Hydrogen is a fuel with higher flame stability and better exhaust performance than hydrocarbon fuels, and various devices using hydrogen have been extensively studied. However, due to the low energy density and high flammability of hydrogen, storage, and transport have become major obstacles to the direct use of hydrogen. The addition of hydrogen has the advantage of improving the combustion characteristics of non-premixed and premixed flames, and many studies have been conducted. Ali and Varunkumar (2020a; 2020b) experimentally investigated the extinction strain rate of nonpremixed flames of syngas using a Tsuji type counterflow configuration and compared them with the numerical results. They reported the extinction strain rate increased by about 3.25 to 6.46 times as the volume fraction of hydrogen was increased from 1% to 10%. Leung and Wierzba (2008) added hydrogen to biogas to identify flame stability and characteristics, and this study has shown that hydrogen addition greatly improves flame stability. S. Benaissa et al. (2021) numerically investigated the effect of hydrogen addition for Biogas-hydrogen premixed flame. They concluded that the addition of hydrogen from 10% to 50% could reduce the ignition delay by about 5 to 10 times and increase the laminar flame speed by 2 to 3 times. Sankaran and Im (2006) investigated the effects of hydrogen addition on the flame characteristics in an opposed flow configuration. They reported that the lean flammability region is expanded by adding hydrogen. Cho and Chung (2009) confirmed that the addition of hydrogen improved flame stability and reduced NOx emission for CH4-H2 ultra lean premixed combustion. Y. Wu et al. (2009) experimentally studied the stability limit of hydrocarbon fuels with hydrogen addition. They showed that both liftoff velocity and blowout/blowoff velocity increased as the hydrogen ratio increased. Malushte et al. (2021) studied the effect of H2/CO addition on flame stability of propane-air mixtures in a stepped combustor and confirmed that the expansion of flame stability range by hydrogen addition. Therefore, the method of adding hydrogen to existing fuel rather than using hydrogen itself as a fuel is considered as a feasible solution at present. Several studies have shown that combustion performance improves when hydrogen is added to hydrocarbon fuels. In addition, it has been confirmed through various studies that hydrogen addition contributes to the overall improvement of engine performance (Ouchikh et al. 2019; Yu et al. 2019, 2020). Lafay et al. (2008) reported that the flame thickness decreases with the increase of adiabatic flame temperature due to the addition of hydrogen. However, since most studies have focused on the composition of fuel, there is a limit to quantitatively show the performance improvement when hydrogen is added to fuels having low heating value. Considering the above combustion characteristics of hydrogen, the purpose of this study is to add hydrogen to LHVG and to overcome the limitation of LHVG having weak flame stability in previous study (Shin, Oh, Lee 2018). Furthermore, by quantifying the results, this study intends to provide basic data on the utilization of hydrogen added LHVG.