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Published in C. S. Giam, Lee E. Ray, Pollutant Studies in Marine Animals, 2018
C. S. Giam, L. E. Ray, R. S. Anderson, C. R. Fries, R. Lee, J. M. Neff, J. J. Stegeman, P. Thomas, M. R. Tripp
The persistence and toxicity of pesticidal and industrial polychloroaromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment have been extensively documented (see reviews by Zitko and Choi55 and Peakall56). The pesticides DDT, mirex, and toxaphene and the industrial polychlorinated biphenyls have received considerable attention.25,57-61 In its report titled "Assessing Potential Ocean Pollutants", the National Academy of Sciences35 recommended that increased attention be paid to HCB because of its detection in many marine samples, its persistence, and its high toxicity. Hexachlorobenzene is used as a seed fungicide and wood preservative. It is also a byproduct in the waste stream from the manufacture of a number of organochlorine compounds.62,63 Approximately I million kg of HCB is manufactured each year in the United States alone.35 HCB has been detected in the tissues of marine and freshwater animals64-66 and has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory mammals.67,68 HCB is also very stable and persistant in the environment. It is highly resistant to photolysis in the air69 and is not readily degraded by soil microbes.70
Bioaugmentation to Remove Recalcitrant Pollutants in Industrial Wastewater
Published in Inamuddin, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Tariq Altalhi, Bioaugmentation Techniques and Applications in Remediation, 2022
L.P. Ananthalekshmi, Indu C. Nair, K. Jayachandran
Hexachlorobenzene disturbs the immune system and other systems of the human body. Hexachlorobenzene is the most important constituent of industrial effluent. Polychlorinated bisphenyls could undergo degradation by polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading enzymes present or genetically engineered into certain bacteria (Fava and Piccolo 2002).
Distribution and Fate of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in a River Floodplain-Results of a Case Study on the River Elbe, Germany
Published in Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Edward J. Cichon, Hilary I. Inyang, Ulrich Stottmeister, Remediation Engineering of Contaminated Soils, 2000
Kurt Friese, Barbara Witter, Werner Brack, Olaf Buettner, Frank Krueger, Maritta Kunert, Holger Rupp, Guenter Miehlich, Alexander Groengroeft, Ren Schwartz, Andrea van der Veen, Dieter W. Zachmann
Here we will only focus on chlorinated unpolar compounds of low volatility, such as the pesticides DDT and lindane, and compounds such as hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls, which have industrial and technical sources. Hexachlorobenzene is one of the main contaminants of the Elbe, and is (along with pentachlorobenzene and octachlorostyrene) a by-product of chemical synthesis. Hexachlorobenzene can also be employed as a fungicide. DDT and lindane were used as relatively cheap and effective insecticides in the GDR for much longer than in most other countries, probably until the reunification of Germany in 1989. This explains the high levels of DDT, DDT metabolites (referred to here as DDX), lindane (g-HCH), and technical by-products of lindane (a-, b-, d-HCH) in the entire Elbe system. The results are shown for p,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD,a-HCH,b-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), octachlorostyrene (OCS), pentachlorobenzene (QCB), and the sum of the PCBs 28 , 52,101,138,153, and 180 .
POPs’ effect on cardiometabolic and inflammatory profile in a sample of women with obesity and hypertension
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2019
Ana Ferro, Diana Teixeira, Diogo Pestana, Rosário Monteiro, Cristina C. Santos, Valentina F. Domingues, Jorge Polónia, Conceição Calhau
It was studied the presence of thirteen different POPs such as aldrin, dieldrin and endrin [bought from Pestanal Fluka® (Madrid, Spain)], hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorocyclohexane lindane (HCH Lindane) [bought from Pestanal Riedel-de Haën® (Madrid,Spain)], Σ hexachlorocyclohexane (ΣHCH) (sum of α-HCH, β-HCH and δ-HCH) [obtained from Sigma–Aldrich® (Madrid,Spain)]. EndosulfanI, endosulfanII, methoxyclor, 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichlor-oethane (p,p′-DDD) and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p′-DDT) [purchased from Supelco® (Madrid,Spain)]. p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) [obtained from ChemService® (WestChester, United States of America (USA)].
Organochlorine contaminants in freshwater mussels; occurrence, bioaccumulation pattern, spatio-temporal distribution and human health risk assessment from the tributaries of River Ravi, Pakistan
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
Mujtaba Baqar, Yumna Sadef, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Adeel Mahmood, Jun Li, Gan Zhang
After the extraction and cleanup processing, total thirty five PCB congeners, i.e., CB-8, CB-28, CB-30, CB-37, CB-44, CB-49, CB-52, CB-54, CB-60, CB-66, CB-70, CB-74, CB-77, CB-82, CB-99, CB-101, CB-105, CB-114, CB-118, CB-126, CB-128, CB-138, CB-153, CB-156, CB-158, CB-166, CB-169, CB-170, CB-179, CB-180, CB-183, CB-187, CB-189, CB-198 and CB-209 and twenty-three OCPs, viz. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trans-chlordane (TC), cis-chlordane (CC), p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), o,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (o,p′-DDE), o,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p′-DDT), p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), o,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (o,p′-DDD), p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p′-DDD), alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), gamma- hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH)/ lindane, delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (δ -HCH), epsilon-hexachlorocyclohexane (ϵ-HCH), heptachlor, methoxychlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin, mirex, α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan were determined through Gas Chromatograph (GC)–Mass Spectrometer (MS) using Agilent 7000A Triple Quadrupole GC/MS combined with Agilent 7693 Autosampler and Agilent 7890A Gas Chromatograph at the State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. The internal standard of 13C-PCB-141 was added to each sample and CP-8 capillary column (CP7481, CP-Sil 8, 50 m × 0.25 mm × 0.12 μm from the Netherland) was used while setting temperature of the injector at 280°C. Oven temperature was initially set at 100°C for 3 min that increased gradually, at the rate of 20°C per min to 160°C and finally to 296°C at the rate of 8°C per min, with holding time of 5.5 min; whereas, temperature for MSD source and quadruple were set at 230°C and 150°C, respectively.
Comprehensive review on catalytic degradation of Cl-VOCs under the practical application conditions
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Fawei Lin, Li Xiang, Zhiman Zhang, Na Li, BeiBei Yan, Chi He, Zhengping Hao, Guanyi Chen
Industrial effluent streams contain a variety of VOCs with clear differences in physical and chemical properties, including nonchlorinated benzene, toluene, and methanol (Aranzabal et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2014a). Therefore, the mutual effects of VOCs exhibiting catalytic degradation behaviors of Cl-VOCs have attracted special attention. Generally, nonchlorinated VOCs with preferable catalytic activity partially occupy active sites, causing catalyst deactivation (Dai et al., 2012a). Benzene, toluene, and methanol were introduced into a DCE degradation system that all decreased DCE conversion instantly (Tian et al., 2019a; Wan et al., 2019b; Yang et al., 2016a) and few literature reported no effect (Wang et al., 2008). The deactivation effect of some VOCs was stronger than that of water (Wan et al., 2019b). Except for competitive adsorption, greater VOC concentrations also increase coke deposition, thus aggravating deactivation (Wan et al., 2019b). Benzene (500 ppm) also induced similar deactivation of CeO2–MnOx catalysts during CB conversion (1000 ppm) at 310 °C (Li et al., 2018). However, lower concentrations of benzene, around 100 ppm, yielded negligible effects on CB conversion (1000 ppm) over a CrNd catalyst (Ye et al., 2019). Simultaneous deactivation of CB and benzene in the mixture was also observed over CeO2 and Ru/CeO2 catalysts owing to the consumption of oxygen adsorption centers (Dai et al., 2013a). However, addition of o-xylene caused negligible effect on CB conversion (500 ppm) (Chen et al., 2019). Competitive adsorption of benzene, CB, DCB, and hexachlorobenzene reduced both removal and destruction efficiency of PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans) (Ji et al., 2018). Competitive effects from other organics have also been reported, such as ethyl acetate, dimethylformamide, oxitol, ethanol, and ethylene (Dai et al., 2017; Pitkäaho et al., 2011). Various hydrocarbons with abundant H atoms, including alkanes, toluene, benzene, hexane, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 2-butene, and ethane, can provide a hydrogen source for HCl formation, thus promoting CB and DCB conversion (de Jong et al., 2002; Musialik-Piotrowska & Mendyka, 2004; van den Brink et al., 1999, 2000). Toluene, ethanol, acetone, and benzofuran also exhibited a promotion effect on TCE, CF, and DCB conversion, respectively (Musialik-Piotrowska, 2007; Taralunga et al., 2007). However, more VOCs aggravated the consumption of surface oxygen species and suppressed the promotion effect (Cai et al., 2015). Whether promotion or inhibition occurs depends on the catalysts. Toluene, heptane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone all promoted TCE conversion over Pt-based catalysts, but only toluene and ethanol exhibited this promotion over Pd-based catalysts (Musialik-Piotrowska & Syczewska, 2002).