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Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Hydrocarbon derivatives are chemical compounds that do not occur naturally. The alkane hydrocarbons occur naturally, whereas other hydrocarbons are man-made. It is important to understand that in the making of hydrocarbon derivatives, the process starts with a hydrocarbon with some other nonmetal element(s) added to create a new compound. In some cases, parts of the name of the hydrocarbon, with which the process started, are found in the name of the derivative compound. Some of the characteristics of the hydrocarbon may remain a part of the new compound. In other cases, a completely different compound may be formed with totally different characteristics. For example, in the compound trifluorobromomethane, the compound started with the flammable gas methane. The toxic elements fluorine and bromine are added, and the resulting compound is not flammable or very toxic. In fact the compound is more commonly known as Halon 1301 once used as a common fire extinguishing agent.
Extinguishing Systems and Equipment
Published in Peter M. Bochnak, Fire Loss Control, 2020
Halon fire-extinguishing systems suppress fires very effectively when designed for specific fire protection uses. Halons are hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by atoms from the halogen series: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. At present, the halons used in fire suppression are Halon 1211 (bromochlorodifluoromethane), Halon 1301 (bromotrifluoromethane), and Halon 2402 (dibromotetrafluoroethane). Halon 1211 and Halon 1301 are liquified, compressed gases; Halon 2402 is a liquid. They are electrically non-conductive and have high liquid densities, which permits use of compact storage containers. They rapidly vaporize in fire and leave no corrosive or abrasive residue. The halons have been particularly effective in data-processing (computer) areas, industrial control rooms, telecommunication centers, sensitive medical diagnostic equipment, and other employee-attended occupancies housing electrical equipment (6).
Offshore Production
Published in Sukumar Laik, Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production, 2018
Halon 1301 systems are generally used on floating production systems to protect areas where there is an electric fire potential, such as electrical rooms, control rooms, turbine generator enclosures and switchgear rooms, since water is an electrically conductive fluid. Halon 1301 agent is a colourless, odourless, nonflammable and electrically nonconductive gas. It is considered nonhazardous to personnel when exposed for brief periods at low concentrations (less than 7% by volume). Halon 1301 extinguishers extinguish fire by isolating oxygen from fuel and electrical circuit isolation. As Halon 1301 is not very environmentally and equipment friendly, worldwide operators are switching to FM-200.
A Kinetic Mechanism for CF3I Inhibition of Methane–Air Flames
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
V.I. Babushok, D.R. Burgess, G.T. Linteris
Halon 1301, CF3Br, is a highly effective flame inhibitor but has a very high Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and hence has been banned for terrestrial applications.1Official contribution of NIST, not subject to copyright in the United States. Certain commercial equipment, instruments, and materials are identified in this paper to adequately specify procedure. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Iodotrifluoromethane, CF3I, is also an effective flame inhibitor (Babushok and Tsang 2000; Moore et al. 1994; Su and Kim 2002; Tapscott, Skaggs, Dierdorf 1995; Westbrook 1982) but is reactive in the troposphere and hence has a negligible ODP. Recently, because of an improved outlook regarding its toxicity, CF3I has gained increased consideration as replacement for CF3Br in aircraft fire suppression, for which CF3Br is still being used. In addition, CF3I is being considered as a component of refrigerant blends (Bell and Mclinden 2020; Lv et al. 2021), since it has both favorable thermodynamic properties and can reduce the flammability of new, low Global Warming Potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon HFC refrigerant blends, which become more flammable as their GWP decreases.
Combustion of C1 and C2 PFAS: Kinetic modeling and experiments
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Jonathan D. Krug, Paul M. Lemieux, Chun-Wai Lee, Jeffrey V. Ryan, Peter H. Kariher, Erin P. Shields, Lindsay C. Wickersham, Martin K. Denison, Kevin A. Davis, David A. Swensen, R. Preston Burnette, Jost O.L. Wendt, William P. Linak
In the early 1990s, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched an effort to identify potential replacements for Halon 1301 (CF3Br) for the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Federal Aviation Administration. While Halon 1301 is an extremely effective flame inhibiting agent, it was also identified as a potent ozone depleting substance (ODS). The NIST research included both experimental and modeling components, with the major objective of the modeling “to develop a chemical mechanism based on elementary reactions steps for their destruction, their participation in and influence on hydrocarbon flame chemistry, as well as for prediction of potential by-products of incomplete combustion.” Results of these kinetic mechanism studies are available in numerous publications (Babushok et al. 1994, 1995; Grosshandler et al. 1994, 1995; Daniel et al. 1994; Linteris and Truett 1995; Westmoreland et al. 1993, 1994) and summarized in a seminal review paper (Burgess et al. 1996). Interestingly, the four candidate compounds specifically being considered as replacements for Halon 1301, CH2F2, CF3-CH2F, CF3-CHF2, and CF3-CF3, all meet the definition of PFAS. Hexafluoroethane is also one of the three species examined here. The NIST authors reasoned that when these species decompose in flames, they generate a pool of fluorinated hydrocarbon stable species and radicals and the formation of many other fluoromethanes and fluoroethanes. To capture the behavior of the candidate replacement compounds, they needed to adequately describe the chemistry of all the intermediates and products that are created.
Environmental impacts of steel ship hulls building and recycling by life cycle assessment (LCA)
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2021
Mehmet Önal, Gökdeniz Neşer, K. Turgut Gürsel
The air acidification impact potential is dominated by emissions of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides, which together comprise over 98% of potentially acidifying emissions for all the phases. The impact on ozone depletion is mainly due to the emissions of halon 1301 which will be phased out in near future. The eutrophication of water impact potential arises primarily from the release of phosphates and chemical oxygen demand due to the release of organic materials for the phases.