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Methacrylate Esters via the Homogeneous Carbonylation of 2-Bromopropene
Published in John R. Kosak, Thomas A. Johnson, Catalysis of Organic Reactions, 2020
Robert A. DeVries, Robert T. Klun, John W. Hull, Kim A. Felty
The organic base is recovered by treating the aqueous wash with an inexpensive inorganic base, such as caustic, to form sodium bromide and free the organic base. The sodium bromide can then be chlorinated as in typical brine processes to generate bromine. The recovered bromine could subsequently be converted to hydrogen bromide by catalytic hydrogenation and recycled to the process.
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Published in Maurizio Cumo, Antonio Naviglio, Safety Design Criteria for Industrial Plants, 2019
Claudia Bartolomei, Sergio Paribelli
Toxicity — Bromine is highly toxic if it is inhaled or if it comes in contact with the eyes or skin. Vapor is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Pulmonary edema and pneumonia may be a delayed complication of severe exposures. In humans, 10 ppm is intolerable, causing severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract. TLV-TWA Air 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/mc); TLV-STEL: 0.5 ppm (2 mg/m3); and OSHA standard air TWA 0.1 ppm. LDL0 14 mg/kg (via oral route).LCL0 100 ppm (via inhalation route).
Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria, Viruses, and Protozoans
Published in Samuel D. Faust, Osman M. Aly, Chemistry of Water Treatment, 2018
Bromine, Br2, is a dark brownish-red, heavy liquid.28 A heavy, brownish-red vapor with a sharp, penetrating and suffocating odor is yielded by this liquid at room temperature. Liquid bromine is extremely corrosive and destructive to organic tissues. It has an atomic number of 35, a molecular weight of 159.808, and a specific gravity of 3.12. Bromine is unique in that it is the only nonmetallic element that is a liquid at room temperature. It is produced by the oxidation of bromine-rich brines (0.05 to 0.6% Br) with chlorine. Bromine is then stripped with air or steam and is collected as liquid Br2.
Bromate removal from water by acid activated and surfactant enriched Red Mud – the case of cooling water
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Fivos A. Megalopoulos, Maria T. Ochsenkuehn-Petropoulou
Bromate, a potential human carcinogen [1], has been detected in treated drinking and industrial waters with background bromide presence. Both the US EPA and the European Union have established a maximum contaminant level of 10 μg/L for bromate in drinking water [2,3]. Bromate can be formed during ozonation [4–6] or chlorination [7] of bromide containing source water. In cooling water treatment practice, bromate can be introduced to the circuit during chlorination [8] or be formed after application of bromine-based disinfection schemes. Bromine (in the form of hypobromous/hypobromite) is often employed when alkaline waters are treated and conventional hypochlorite is less effective. It is usually produced in situ after mixing solutions of hypochlorite and sodium bromide [9]. In the cooling circuit, bromate formation is attributed to hypobromous/hypobromite decomposition in the presence or absence of residual chlorine in the form of hypochlorous/hypochlorite [10]:
Latest trends for structural steel protection by using intumescent fire protective coatings: a review
Published in Surface Engineering, 2020
Muhammad Yasir, Faiz Ahmad, Puteri Sri Melor Megat Yusoff, Sami Ullah, Maude Jimenez
In the 1970s, halogen containing flame retardants became available in the market to be used at a large scale. In the next decade, a large increase in brominated systems was reported. Nowadays, the most used halogen system is bromine-based flame retardant. Approximately 150,000 metric ton of halogen-based flame retardants were reported to be utilised annually around the globe, which made up more than 25% of share of the total flame retardant market [111].
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Based on their mode of action, flame retardants can act at any of the four steps involved in the combustion process, and prevent their occurrence. One of the effective methods is to capture free radicals (highly oxidizing agents) that are produced during the burning process, which are essential for flame propagation. Halogens are very efficient in capturing free radicals, hence removing the ability of the flame to propagate. All four halogens are effective in eliminating free radicals, and trapping efficiency increases with the size of the halogen (i.e. lowest efficiency F < Cl < Br < I highest efficiency) and organo-halogen compounds are a good form to use as finishes for supply and delivery of halogens to be used as flame retardants (Alaee, Arias, Sjödin, & Bergman, 2003). But not all halogens can be used for this purpose. Iodine compounds have low stability and decompose readily at slightly elevated temperatures. They also have relatively-high cost. By contrast, fluorinated compounds are very stable and decompose at much higher temperature than most organic matter burns, delivering their halogens too late to be effective in the flame-inhibiting process. Both iodine and fluorinated compounds are therefore virtually precluded from being used as fire retardants (Lewin, Atlas, & Pearce, 1982) and only organo-chlorine and organo-bromine compounds are used as flame retardants. Between the two, organo-bromine compounds have higher trapping efficiency and lower decomposition temperatures and are thus became the most-popular in flame retardants; by the early 2000s, the statistics indicated that about 25% of all flame retardants contained bromine (Andersson, Oberg, & Orn, 2006) and more than 75 different aliphatic, aromatic and cyclo-aliphatic compounds were being used as brominated flame retardants (Alaee et al., 2003). Bromine, a reactive element, is mostly found in the form of inorganic salts of the alkalis and alkaline earth metals, mainly in seawater, saline lakes, in brine and in sediment in the earth’s crust. The production of bromine starts with an oxidation of bromide with chlorine followed by an absorption and purification process. As per a 2007 survey, the United States was the largest producer of bromine followed by Israel, but China too has a rich source of bromine (US Geological Survey, 2007, 2009).