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Understanding environmental and sustainability principles
Published in Adrian Belcham, Manual of Enviromental Management, 2014
Ozone-depleting substances are those substances that, through their attributes of long environmental persistence and the ability to bind with oxygen molecules, are responsible for ozone depletion in the stratosphere. They include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride and bromochloromethane. These substances are most commonly associated with refrigeration, air conditioning, foam-blowing agents, solvents and fire suppression systems.
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Bromochlorodifluoromethane 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromochloromethane 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone Halon 1011 p-Bromobenzyl chloride 4-Chlorophenacyl bromide Halon 1211
Risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected in sanitary pads
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Hyang Yeon Kim, Jung Dae Lee, Ji-Young Kim, Joo Young Lee, Ok-Nam Bae, Yong-Kyu Choi, Eunji Baek, Sejin Kang, Chungsik Min, Kyungwon Seo, Kihwan Choi, Byung-Mu Lee, Kyu-Bong Kim
Of the 74 VOCs, 24 substances (bromobenzene; bromochloromethane; bromoform; tert-butylbenzene; 2-chlorotoluene; 4-chlorotoluene; dibromomethane; dibromochloromethane; 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-propane; 1,2-dibromoethane; 1,3-dichlorobenzene; 1,1-dichloroethane; 1,1-dichloroethylene; cis/trans-1,2-dichloroethylene; 2,2-dichloropropane; 1,1-dichloropropene; cis/trans-1,3-dichloropropene; 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene; 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane; 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; and 1,2,3-trichloropropane) were not detected above the lower limit of quantification in the 666 products. The remaining 50 compounds were detected at ranges from 0.025 (1,1,2-trichloroethane) to 3,548.086 µg/pad (ethanol) (Table 2).
Efficient phenol removal from petrochemical wastewater using biochar-La/ultrasonic/persulphate system: characteristics, reusability, and kinetic study
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Rasool Razmi, Bahman Ramavandi, Mehdi Ardjmand, Amir Heydarinasab
The results obtained from GC mass spectrometry of the petrochemical wastewaters before the reaction (Figure 6(a)) suggest that in the raw wastewater, there are various abundant organic compounds that are specified in the inset table in Figure 6(a). Such organic compounds have developed a COD of 1460 mg/L. This wastewater was treated by the biochar-La/ultrasonic/persulphate system and the corresponding GC-mass graph is provided in Figure 6(b). The results obtained from the mass spectrometry of the wastewater after the reaction (see Figure 6(b)) indicated that the contaminants have largely been stabilized, as large amounts of water and carbon dioxide have been tracked at time peaks of 1.3 and 1.35 min, respectively. Furthermore, some compounds including phenol and 1,2-hydroxyhexadial and ethyl alcohol, and 1,1,3,3,5,5,9,9,11,11-dodecamethyl hexasiloxane are absent in Figure 6(b), suggesting that these compounds have been converted to either water and carbon dioxide or other compounds like ethanoic acid, acetic acid, cyclohexyldimethoxymethylen, and butanoic acid. Other contaminants – including dichloromethane, bromochloromethane, acetic acid, cyclohexyl dimethoxy, N-Formylnorisosalutaridine salutaridine, 6-Aza-5,7,12,14-tetrathiapentacene, 6,8-dichloro-4-chlorophenyl- 4-bromoactyl, 1,3-butadiene-1,4-dicarbonic acid, 6-Aza- 4,7,12,14 -tetratiapentacene, 6-Aza- 5,9,14,16- tetratiapentacene, and 6-Aza –5,10, 12,14 -tetratiapentacene – were tracked in the treated wastewater and our system had no effect on them. Therefore, it can implicitly be stated that the system utilized for phenol removal from the petrochemical wastewater has selectively acted.
Volatile organic compound concentrations and their health risks in various workplace microenvironments
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Simge Çankaya, Hakan Pekey, Beyhan Pekey, Burcu Özerkan Aydın
The photocopy centers selected for this study had the least significant VOC concentrations. Total VOC concentrations in P1, P2, and P3 were, respectively, 64.6 µg/m3, 128.5 µg/m3, and 118.4 µg/m3 during winter and 122.3 µg/m3, 74.5 µg/m3, and 65.3 µg/m3during summer. Carbon tetrachloride, bromochloromethane, bromoform, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and toluene were the most abundant compounds. Toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes are the primary compounds emitted from photocopiers according to several chamber studies (Lee et al. 2006). Stefaniak et al. (2000) evaluated 52 VOCs in three photocopy centers located on a university campus, finding that the most abundant VOC was toluene (893 µg/m3). This concentration is approximately 60 times greater than what is found in this study. In another study, BTEX concentrations were measured in seven photocopy centers during winter and summer and were found to be much higher than this study (Lee et al. 2006). Therefore, differences in BTEX levels in various studies can arise from numerous factors such as photocopy center size, numbers and types of photocopiers, ventilation systems, toner types, photocopier maintenance patterns, cleaning solvent selection, binding adhesive usage, outdoor air quality, indoor activities, and other indoor VOC sources (Lee et al. 2006). Carbon tetrachloride, which is classified as a Group B2 carcinogen, can arise from certain consumer products such as solvents, paints, floor polishers, resins, gums, metal degreasers, dry cleaning fluid, etc. (Srivastava and Devotta 2007; Sarkhosh et al. 2012). We found CTC as 20.04 µg/m3 and 8.46 µg/m3 during winter and summer, respectively. In various scientific studies, Cacho et al. (2013) reviewed the differences in VOC concentrations in offices and found that average concentrations of benzene and toluene in European countries ranged from 2 μg/m3 to 11.2 μg/m3 and 4.3 μg/m3 to 43.1 μg/m3, respectively. Results of this study are compatible with those found in European countries.