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Solvents
Published in Ronald M. Scott, in the WORKPLACE, 2020
Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents are employed in the entire range of industrial solvent functions and are the solvent of choice as degreasing solvents and dry cleaning agents. Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane are used primarily for metal degreasing, while perchloroethylene is heavily used for dry cleaning. Carbon tetrachloride was once used in large quantities as a solvent for dry cleaning, as a fire extinguisher fluid, and in many other everyday applications, but it has now largely been replaced by safer solvents. Several chlorinated hydrocarbons are used as solvents for adhesives. Methylene chloride is used in aerosols, and to dissolve plastics, rubbers, oils, and waxes. It is familiar in the household as the solvent of paint stripper. Methyl chloride is used as a refrigerant and as an aerosol propellant. Of special concern, both from the standpoint of safe use of the materials and to assure environmentally safe disposal of waste, is the fact that there are large numbers of small users of these compounds. For example, over 200,000 dry cleaners use at least one 55-gallon drum of solvent per year.
Hazardous Materials—An Overview
Published in Gerald L. Schneberger, Adhesives in Manufacturing, 2018
Systemic effects of many solvents are manifest in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in headache, dizziness, “drunkenness,” and unconsciousness. Some solvents also have specific systemic hazards. For example, methyl alcohol is metabolized to formaldehyde and formic acid in the body; it is capable of causing permanent damage to the optic nerve and, possibly, the retina of the eye, producing blindness. Carbon tetrachloride severely damages the liver and kidneys; it is especially hazardous to those who already have liver or kidney problems. Its systemic effects are potentiated by simultaneous exposure to ethyl alcohol.
Product: Alfa-Tox
Published in Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell, First Responder’s Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents, 2018
Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell
FIRST AID Eye ExposureIf carbon tetrachloride gets into the eyes, flush with water for fifteen minutes lifting the lower and upper eye lids occasionally. Get medical attention. Contact lens should not be worn when working with chemicals.Skin ExposureIf carbon tetrachloride gets onto the skin, flush with water. If material soaks through the clothing remove clothing and flush contaminated area with water. If irritation appears get medical attention.BreathingIf carbon tetrachloride fumes or vapors are inhaled, immediately remove victim to fresh air. If breathing is labored give oxygen. If breathing has stopped give artificial respiration. Get medical attention. Keep victim warm and at rest.SwallowingIf carbon tetrachloride is ingested, and victim is conscious induce vomiting by having the victim touch the back of their throat with their finger. Get medical attention. No specific antidote known.
Risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected in sanitary pads
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Hyang Yeon Kim, Jung Dae Lee, Ji-Young Kim, Joo Young Lee, Ok-Nam Bae, Yong-Kyu Choi, Eunji Baek, Sejin Kang, Chungsik Min, Kyungwon Seo, Kihwan Choi, Byung-Mu Lee, Kyu-Bong Kim
The oral slope factors for 5 of the 15 carcinogenic VOCs are presented in Table 5. 1,2-Dichloropropane (5.62E-7) exhibited highest cancer risk to induce liver cancer in mice, but did not undergo a complete evaluation under the US EPA’s IRIS program for evidence of human carcinogenic potential (EPA 1997b). Bromodichloromethane is classified as a probable human kidney carcinogen. In an animal study (B6C3F1 mice, male), multiple tissue tumors were observed (EPA 1987a). Carbon tetrachloride produces liver cancer in rats, mice, and hamsters. However, values for carcinogenicity by the oral route were insufficient to derive a quantitative estimate of cancer risk (EPA 2010b). 1,2-Dichloroethane is indicated as a possible human carcinogen (angiosarcoma) from inhalation or oral exposure (EPA 1987c). The oral exposure is dose-dependent but the oral slope factor is higher than that of the other four VOCs. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is classified only by the IARC as an animal carcinogen inducing liver cancer (EPA 1997b).
Enhanced degradation of carbon tetrachloride by sodium percarbonate activated with ferrous ion in the presence of ethyl alcohol
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Ping Tang, Wenchao Jiang, Shuguang Lu, Xiang Zhang, Yunfei Xue, Zhaofu Qiu, Qian Sui
The widespread usage and improper disposal of organic chemicals have led to the severe contamination of soils and groundwater throughout the world [1]. Carbon tetrachloride (CT) was once frequently used as cleaning solvent, degreasing agent, refrigerant, and aerosol propellant, and was also applied in nuclear weapons production [2]. Due to the characteristics of its carcinogenicity, environmental persistence, and relatively high solubility in water (800 mg L−1 at 20°C) [3], CT is an onerous contaminant and results in widespread contamination of soil and groundwater, particularly at nuclear reservation sites. Therefore, the concentration of CT in drinking water has been regulated and set by the maximum contaminant level at 0.005 mg L−1 in the U.S.A [4] and 0.002 mg L−1 in China [5]; hence, it is critical to develop an effective technique for CT degradation in contaminated soil and groundwater.
Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of carbon tetrachloride
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Samuel M. Cohen, Christopher Bevan, Bhaskar Gollapudi, James E. Klaunig
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has historically been used as a feedstock for chlorofluorocarbons, as a dry-cleaning agent, fabric-spotting fluid, solvent, reagent in chemical synthesis, fire extinguisher fluid, and grain fumigant (ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2005). Currently, this chemical is employed almost exclusively as a feedstock for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) (Marshall and Pottenger 2016). This compound is an ozone-depleting substance and thus tightly regulated under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol).