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Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
1-Butanol may be produced from syngas via methanol and subsequent alcohol homologation; however, the currently favored route involves the stereo-selective rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of propylene to n-butyraldehyde followed by hydrogenation to 1-butanol (Scheme 1A). Alternatively, 1-butanol may be produced by microbial fermentation using organisms such as Clostridium acetobutylicum, which provides mixtures of acetone, 1-butanol, and ethanol (ABE fermentation), or other species that produce 1-butanol exclusively. The Guerbet reaction of bioethanol, which is more easily produced by fermentation and separated at higher titers, provides an alternative route for 1-butanol production.
Rapid microwave-assisted liquid phase conversion of bio-ethanol to n-butanol over a heterogeneous catalyst
Published in Biofuels, 2021
An alternative method for producing bio-butanol at increased selectivity is chemical upgrading of bio-ethanol to bio-butanol [16]. There are two accepted pathways for conversion of bio-ethanol to bio-butanol: direct coupling to butanol and Guerbet coupling over aldol condensation with acetaldehyde and crotonaldehyde as intermediates and by-products [17] (see Figure 1). Advances in heterogeneous catalysis of ethanol to butanol through the Guerbet coupling reaction scheme showed the effectiveness of using a tandem catalytic system to achieve 99% butanol selectivity at ethanol conversions as high as 37% at 150 °C and a reaction time of 4–24 hours [18]. However, high selectivity at relatively high ethanol conversion and relatively low temperatures comes at the cost of low turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs) which makes this system impractical for large-scale implementation [19]. The Guerbet reaction scheme is rate-limited by the dehydrogenation step, and thus most research efforts have been towards performing the reaction in the vapour phase at relatively high temperatures (300–400 °C) over heterogeneous catalysts [19]. Most studies, however, showed the drawbacks of using high temperatures, viz. low butanol selectivity at high ethanol conversions [20,21]. This has led to renewed efforts in the development of a heterogeneous catalyst to improve selectivity and reduce severity of reaction conditions.
Experimental study on operating conditions of 2-ethylhexanol manufacturing process
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2018
Ahad Ghaemi, Mohammad Hadi Zerehsaz
Through the well-known organic chemistry Guerbet reaction, a primary or secondary alcohol is condensed to form the basic material of a higher alcohol. This product can also be obtained by combining two lighter alcohols of butanol and four alcohols of methanol. Miller and Bennett[10] investigated producing 2-ethylhexanol by using the Guerbet reaction. Through this process, they used 2-ethylhexanol as a solvent and dispersing agent, tripotassium phosphate to enhance the catalyst activity, and sodium sulfate derivative of 2-ethylhexanol as a wetting agent.[10]