Group 4 elements

Group 4 elements

Characteristics of the Metal–Metal Oxide Reaction Matrix

Published in Anthony Peter Gordon Shaw, Thermitic Thermodynamics, 2020

Within the metal–metal oxide matrix, fourteen systems exhibit adiabatic equilibrium temperatures greater than 3500 K (Table 2.3). There, the metal fuel is either a group 4 element (titanium, zirconium, or hafnium) or it is aluminum. Pyrotechnic reactions involving zirconium and hafnium should produce some of the highest temperatures, generally. These metals are potent reducing agents, and the product dioxides are exceptionally stable at high temperatures.

Anion-exchange Experiment of Zr, Hf, and Th in HNO₃ and Quantum Chemical Study on the Nitrate Complexes toward Chemical Research on Element 104, Rf

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Journal Information

Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2021

Eisuke Watanabe, Yoshitaka Kasamatsu, Takuya Yokokita, Sho Hayami, Katsuma Tonai, Hidemi Ninomiya, Narumi Kondo, Yudai Shigekawa, Hiromitsu Haba, Yasutaka Kitagawa, Masayoshi Nakano, Atsushi Shinohara

There are several reports for solution chemistry experiments of element 104, Rf,[6] mainly using 261Rf (T1/2 = 68 s).[7] As a member of the group 4 elements, the chemical behavior of Rf has been compared with those of the homologues Zr and Hf and the pseudo-homologue, Th. Th is not a group 4 element but a member of actinide elements; however, Th has been used as a comparative element to discuss the chemical properties of Rf because Th forms a stable +4 oxidation state and has larger ionic radius than Zr, Hf, and Rf. Ionic radius of Rf4+ is expected to be larger than those of Zr4+ and Hf4+ due to the relativistic effect.[8]

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Characteristics of the Metal–Metal Oxide Reaction Matrix

Anion-exchange Experiment of Zr, Hf, and Th in HNO3 and Quantum Chemical Study on the Nitrate Complexes toward Chemical Research on Element 104, Rf

Anion-exchange Experiment of Zr, Hf, and Th in HNO₃ and Quantum Chemical Study on the Nitrate Complexes toward Chemical Research on Element 104, Rf