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Biodistribution and Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles
Published in Lev Dykman, Nikolai Khlebtsov, Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications, 2017
Along with Hardonk et al. [112], an important role of Kupffer cells in the elimination of GNPs was found by Sadauskas et al. [72], who injected mice intravenously with 2- and 40-nm GNPs. TEM data showed that after injection, the nanoparticles accumulated in the macrophages of the liver (90%), whereas in spleen macrophages, their quantity was much smaller (10%). In other organs (kidneys, brain, lungs, adrenals, ovaries, and placenta), no gold particles were found by TEM. These data are in harmony with those of Katti et al. [70], who analyzed the biodistribution of the radioactive colloidal gold 198Au. Sadauskas et al. [72] concluded that nanoparticles penetrate only phagocytes, first and foremost the Kupffer cells of the liver, without passing the placenta and blood–brain barriers (BBBs), and 2-nm particles can be excreted via urine. Subsequently [90], those authors reported that 40-nm GNPs are localized in lysosomes (endosomes) of Kupffer cells and can persist there for as long as 6 months.
Chapter 11: Applications And Characterization Of Radiolabeled Or Magnetizable Nano- And Microparticles For Res, Lymph, And Blood Flow Studies
Published in Alan Rembaum, Zoltán A. Tökés, Micro spheres: Medical and Biological Applications, 2017
Strand Sven-Erik, Andersson Lena, Bergqvist Lennart
Many different radiolabeled colloids have been used for about 30 years in nuclear medicine for liver-spleen imaging. Nanoparticles in liver scintigraphy have been used frequently in medical diagnosis since the 1950s, when colloidal gold (198Au) was introduced. Today there are many radiopharmaceuticals for liver scintigraphy, most of them consisting of nanoparticles labeled with 99Tcm. The clinical work has led to an extensive number of published papers. During the last decade lymphoscintigraphy with radiolabeled colloids has also been proved to be useful in several clinical situations.
Water
Published in P.K. Tewari, Advanced Water Technologies, 2020
Artificial radiotracer techniques are useful tools for measuring the velocity and direction of groundwater flow. Artificially produced isotopes such as bromine-82 (82Br), tritium (3H) and gold-198 (198Au) are normally used as radiotracers for this purpose. The technique involves injecting a suitable radiotracer into a borehole and measuring the dilution rate of the radiotracer in the same borehole over time. The velocity of the groundwater is estimated from the measured concentration data.
Application of tracer technology in wastewater treatment processes: a review
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Metali Sarkar, Vikas Kumar Sangal, Harish Jagat Pant, Vijay Kumar Sharma, Haripada Bhunia, Pramod Kumar Bajpai
The application of radiotracer for analyzing WWTP reactors is growing rapidly due to its many advantages over commonly used conventional tracers (Pant et al. 2001; IAEA 2008). Radiotracers have high detection sensitivity and facilitate online measurements. As every radiotracer emits radiation of distinct frequency, this facilitates the study of multiphase reactor processes simultaneously by employing multiple radiotracers. Radiotracer Bromine- 82 (82Br) and Iodine-131 (131I) have been frequently used for liquid phase tracing in WWTP systems (Shin et al. 2003; Kumar et al. 2012). For solid-phase tracing conventionally Gold-198 (198Au), Lanthanum-140 (140La), and Technetium (99mTc) (Friedrich 1983; Pant et al. 2009; Kumar et al. 2012). Commonly used radiotracer in WWTP processes has been listed in Table 2 according to their field of application.