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Feedstock Integration in the Refinery
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
Biodiesel is a diesel-equivalent fuel derived from biological sources (such as vegetable oils) which can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles. It is thus distinguished from the straight (unused) vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil that is used as fuel in some diesel vehicles. In the current context, biodiesel refers to the alkyl ester products produced by the transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat. Biodiesel fuel is a fuel made from the oil of certain oilseed crops such as soybean, canola, palm kernel, coconut, sunflower, safflower, corn, and hundreds of other oil-producing crops. The oil is extracted by the use of a press and then mixed in specific proportions with other agents, which causes a chemical reaction. The results of this reaction are two products, biodiesel and soap. After a final filtration, the biodiesel is ready for use. After curing, the glycerin soap, which is produced as a by-product can be used as is or can have scented oils added before use. In general, biodiesel compares well to crude oil-based diesel. Pure biodiesel fuel (100% esters of fatty acids) is called B100. When blended with diesel fuel the designation indicates the amount of B100 in the blend, e.g. B20 is 20% B100 and 80% diesel, and B5 used in Europe contains 5% B100 in diesel.
Other Feedstocks—Coal, Oil Shale, and Biomass
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Biodiesel is a diesel-equivalent fuel derived from biological sources (such as vegetable oils) which can be used in unmodified diesel engine vehicles. It is, thus, distinguished from the straight vegetable oils or waste vegetable oils used as fuels in some diesel vehicles. In the current context, biodiesel refers to alkyl esters made from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel fuel is a fuel made from the oil of certain oilseed crops such as soybean, canola, palm kernel, coconut, sunflower, safflower, corn, and a hundreds of other oil-producing crops. The oil is extracted by the use of a press and then mixed in specific proportions with other agents, which causes a chemical reaction. The results of this reaction are two products, biodiesel and soap. After a final filtration, the biodiesel is ready for use. After curing, the glycerin soap that is produced as a byproduct can be used as is, or can have scented oils added before use. In general, biodiesel compares well to petroleum-based diesel (Lotero et al., 2006). Pure biodiesel fuel (100% esters of fatty acids) is called B100. When blended with diesel fuel the designation indicates the amount of B100 in the blend, e.g., B20 is 20% v/v B100 is 80% v/v diesel, and B5 used in Europe contains 5% v/v of B100 in diesel fuel (Pinto et al., 2005).
Glycerine in Bar Soaps
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Dahlgren et al. [20], compared 50:50 tallow:coconut soap containing 10% glycerine versus the same base without glycerine. They found them to be significantly different on some clinical and consumer-perceived attributes. In one test, the two bars left the skin the same as measured by expert tactile and visual evaluation, electrical impedance, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and sonic transmission. However, in a second test, the 10% glycerine soap bar left a smoother skin condition as rated by an expert tactile evaluation, although expert visual evaluations of dryness and redness were not significantly different. More evidence of the benefit of glycerine to skin came from visual analysis of photographs of skin replicates which revealed fewer features associated with roughness from the glycerine bar. Consumers who used the two bars at home for two weeks rated the glycerine bar higher for leaving the skin feeling soft and smooth and feeling moisturized. This 10% glycerine soap was found to increase the amount of glycerine in the stratum corneum, a possible explanation for how glycerine improved skin smoothness without reducing dryness measured clinically. Many transparent soaps contain enough glycerine to impart a skin-conditioning benefit. Opaque and translucent soaps may also contain therapeutic levels of glycerine, although this requires special process considerations.
Investigation of the shelf life of the optimized Neem biodiesel and its execution and excretion characteristics on automotive diesel engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Mayank Chhabra, Balraj Singh Saini, Gaurav Dwivedi, Arun Kumar Behura, Anuj Kumar, Siddharth Jain, Amit Sarin, Puneet Verma
The second step consists of preheating the 100 gm of pretreated Neem oil at the reaction temperature of 41°C in a reaction flask with the hot plate till it achieves the uniform reaction temperature. Then the mixture of methanol with molar ratio of 7.1:1 and 1.02% w/w of potassium hydroxide (KOH) catalyst was poured to this preheated sample of esterified Neem oil and the whole mixture was stirred with hot plate magnetic stirrer for 98 minutes at 41°C and thereafter the reaction products was poured in separating flask and kept undisturbed for 24 hrs so that the mixture separate into two distinct layers on account of density difference under gravity (Chhabra, Saini, and Dwivedi 2020). The upper lighter layer was the Neem biodiesel and the bottom-heavy layer was the glycerol as shown in Figure 2. After 24 hrs the lower layer of glycerol was segregated from the Neem biodiesel and Neem biodiesel was cleansed accompanied by distilled water for 3 to 4 times to take away the unused methanol, glycerin, soap and catalyst as shown in Figure 3. Finally, the cleaned Neem biodiesel was heated at 105°C for 10 minutes to withdraw the dampness and this is called drying process. The biodiesel yield of 96.39% was achieved in this dual-step process of biodiesel synthesis.