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Monooxygenase Systems in Marine Fish
Published in C. S. Giam, Lee E. Ray, Pollutant Studies in Marine Animals, 2018
Glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Ptase; EC 3.1.3.9), generally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, was assayed by measuring the production of inorganic phosphate in a reaction mixture containing 50 mol cacodylate buffer, pH 6.5, and 30 μmol glucose-6-phosphate in 1.4 mℓ.5 This mixture was preincubated for 5 min at 30°C, the reaction initiated by addition of 0.1 mℓ of enzyme (0.1 to 1.0 mg protein), and incubated for 10 min at 30°C, after which the reaction was terminated by adding 1 mℓ 10% TCA. A series of "zero-time" control reaction mixtures in which enzyme was added after addition of TCA was also run. The denatured protein was sedimented by centrifuging at 1800 rpm for 9 min or by refrigeration overnight, and inorganic phosphate in the supernatant was determined by the method of Flynn et al.32
Recent advances in PET probes for hepatocellular carcinoma characterization
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Luca Filippi, Orazio Schillaci, Oreste Bagni
PET with FDG is a well-established imaging modality for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring the response to treatments in the majority of cancers [22]. Nevertheless, FDG PET is of limited value for the detection and characterization of HCC with reported sensitivity of about 52%. This low value is likely due to the high dephosphorylation rate of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate by glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), a gluconeogenesis enzyme strongly expressed in the liver and in the well-differentiated HCC, converting glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and consequently causing reduced retention of FDG within the tumoral cells [23]. The molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake of FDG in hepatic tumors versus metastases have been elucidated by Izuishi and colleagues analyzing 34 patients (14 Meta and 20 HCC) who underwent FDG-PET and hepatectomy [24]. In these subjects, PET sensitivity was lower in HCC (15/20) compared to metastases (13/14) as well as HK and GLUT expression were lower and G6Pase expression was higher in HCC compared to secondary lesions.