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Biomedical and Diagnostic Applications of Iron-based Nanomaterials
Published in Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait, Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 2023
Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait
Recent investigations reveal image-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) to have better substitute therapeutic modality than widely used traditional methods. It is further assumed to have capacity to provide an advanced precision therapy alternative. With current technological advancements in material science, materials with a desired composition and of specific shape and size may be fabricated. However, synthesizing multicomponent materials along with the required specifications still presents challenges to overcome. Malignant cells have a significantly better metabolism rate and higher glucose uptake. This mechanism is used to observe the cancer tissues under PET, consuming enhanced radiolabeled glucose analogy uptake, [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Glucose transporter (Glut) proteins are available in the mammalian cells plasma membrane, providing glucose movement in the cytoplasm. Glut-1 has been reported to provide higher glucose transport in the cancer cells than various other available Glut proteins (Singh 2017). Henceforth, Glut proteins are considered as preferred markers to identify cancer cells/tissues. Glut-1 has been observed to be involved in higher glucose transportation. The association of Glut antibody and IONPs were able detect haemangioma using MRI contrast imaging modality. The investigation focused on the variation of immature haemangioma with respect to the vascular malformation, as Glut-1 exists exclusively in the cells of immature haemangioma (Sohn et al., 2015).
Barriers in the Tumor Microenvironment to Nanoparticle Activity
Published in Dan Peer, Handbook of Harnessing Biomaterials in Nanomedicine, 2021
Hanan Abumanhal-Masarweh, Lilach Koren, Omer Adir, Maya Kaduri, Maria Poley, Gal Chen, Aviram Avital, Noga Sharf Pauker, Yelena Mumblat, Jeny Shklover, Janna Shainsky-Roitman, Avi Schroeder
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to support survival and proliferation [236–238]. Increased glucose uptake and glycolysis via the aerobic pathway are main features of their altered metabolism [236, 237]. The lower efficiency of ATP production by glycolysis compared to oxidative phosphorylation increases cancer cells glucose dependence. This is achieved through the overexpression of glucose transporter-1 GLUT1 in many types of cancers [239–242]. In addition to ATP production, high glycolysis rates supply the cells with glycolytic intermediates that fuel metabolic pathways generating de novo building blocks necessary for cell proliferation, including nucleotides, lipids, amino acids, and NADPH [236, 237, 239]. Targeting metabolic pathways for cancer treatment and diagnosis opens a new research and treatment frontier [243–245].
Quantitative imaging to guide mechanism-based modeling of cancer
Published in Ruijiang Li, Lei Xing, Sandy Napel, Daniel L. Rubin, Radiomics and Radiogenomics, 2019
David A. Hormuth, Matthew T. McKenna, Thomas E. Yankeelov
PET can be used to provide estimates of, for example, glucose uptake and tumor hypoxia. A more detailed description of PET can be found in Chapter 4, while a review on usage of 18FDG in oncology can be found in Kubota (2001) and Castell & Cook (2008). Briefly, 18F-fludeoxyglucose (18FDG) is a common PET tracer that can provide estimates of glucose uptake. Cells uptake 18FDG in a similar fashion to glucose, however, after phosphorylation 18FDG is trapped within the cell resulting in an accumulation of the tracer intracellularly. In cancer, there is generally an overexpression of glucose transporters which results in increased concentrations of 18FDG in tumor tissues relative to healthy tissues (Castell & Cook 2008). The observed signal is then proportional to the concentration of 18FDG in a given voxel. PET data are often quantified by the standardized uptake value (SUV) which is the ratio of the 18FDG concentration in tumor tissue to the total concentration in the body. Figure 21.1e shows a representative SUV map from 18FDG-PET. A higher SUV is observed in the tumor region (yellow) indicating an increased accumulation of 18FDG relative to contralateral brain tissue (green).
Recent advances in multifunctional dendrimer-based nanoprobes for breast cancer theranostics
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Prashant Kesharwani, Rahul Chadar, Rahul Shukla, Gaurav K. Jain, Geeta Aggarwal, Mohammed A.S. Abourehab, Amirhossein Sahebkar
There are several advancements that are being made which employs dendrimer-based delivery of genes and drugs to treat BC. Torres-Pérez1 et al proposed a one-step G6 (OS-PAMAM) dendrimer system conjugated D-glucose (GLU), loaded with methotrexate (MTX) (OS-PAMAM-MTX-GLU). In this system glucose transporters (GLUT), that is overexpressed on the surface of cancerous cells, was targeted. Glucose is the ultimate requirement of a cell as it fulfils the energy requirement in cancerous cell [137–139]. OS-PAMAM-MTX-GLU system was found to be 30 nm in size and spherical in shape. It was noted that conjugated structure caused 20% reduction in cell viability against MDA-MB-231 cell lines, which was significantly higher than free MTX. Prepared conjugate exhibited significant improvement in the antiproliferative activity of MTX against MDA-MB-231 BC cell lines [140]. Pawar et al explored N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) as a targeting moiety to target overexpressed NAG receptors (NAGRs) on cancer cells. In their research, PEGylated-DOX-NAG conjugate was found to be more cytotoxic against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines when compared to non-targeted PEGylated-DOX conjugate. Thus, it could be inferred that NAG could enhance cellular internalization of the conjugates [141]. Similarly, Kumar et al successfully synthesized a unimolecular nanoconstruct dendritic system, where the PAMAM dendrimers were modified with L-tryptophan and NAG. Drug loading efficiency for DOX was significantly enhanced due to L-tryptophan that provided sufficient protection to the hydrophobic core.Furthermore, targeting efficiency was also enhanced due to NAG modification. The study overall depicted the use of PAMAM tryptophan-(N-acetylglucosamine) [PTN] as a potential nanocarrier owing to its good targeting efficiency and higher drug loading [142].
Biochanin A prevents 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced adipocyte dysfunction in cultured 3T3-L1 cells
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
Eun Mi Choi, Kwang Sik Suh, So Young Park, Sang Ouk Chin, Sang Youl Rhee, Suk Chon
Insulin resistance leads to disorders of the glucose transport system in adipocytes, e.g., the insulin signaling pathway. Therefore, we investigated the effect of biochanin A on the levels of IRS-1 and GLUT4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. As shown in Figure 4A, treatment with 10 nM TCDD decreased the level of IRS-1, while pretreatment with biochanin A increased the level of IRS-1 in the presence of TCDD. The GLUT4 level also decreased in adipocytes exposed to 10 nM TCDD, and this change was inhibited by biochanin A (Fig. 4B).
Long axial field-of-view PET/CT devices: are we ready for the technological revolution?
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Luca Filippi, Antonia Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss, Laura Evangelista, Orazio Schillaci
The majority of malignancies employs glycolysis as a preferential source to produce the energy needed for tumor growth and proliferation, therefore expressing glucose transporter (GLUT) to incorporate this substrate into the cell [21]. This preferential metabolic pathway has determined the success and wide-spreading of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), a radiolabeled analogue of glucose, as the most commonly utilized radiopharmaceutical in oncology.