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Diabetes Monitoring System
Published in Rajarshi Gupta, Dwaipayan Biswas, Health Monitoring Systems, 2019
The glucose-insulin control system in the human body is regulated by a complex neuro-hormonal control system. Insulin is the primary regulator of glucose homeostasis that promotes glucose utilization and inhibits glucose production from stored resources in the body. Working at different scales, counter-regulatory hormones like glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone defend the body from life-threatening hypoglycemia. Insulin control and hypoglycemia counter-regulation are balanced by neuro-modulation. Glucose in the body is produced by the liver and utilized in both insulin-dependent (e.g., central nervous system and red blood cells) and insulin-independent tissues (e.g., muscle and adipose tissues). Insulin is secreted by the beta cells in the pancreas, then reaches the system circulation after liver degradation, and is finally cleared by the kidney. The glucose and insulin systems interact by feedback control signals; for example, during glucose perturbation after a meal, the beta cells secrete more insulin after sensing high plasma glucose concentration, thereby promoting glucose utilization and inhibiting glucose production to balance the plasma glucose. Insulin sensitivity and beta-cell responsitivity progressively deteriorate in type 2 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells don’t respond to glucose perturbation, and therefore, insulin must be provided exogenously into the patient’s body to compensate for hyperglycemia. However, insulin treatment is often risky and may lead to severe hypoglycemia. Therefore, for type 1 diabetic patients it is a challenge to maintain reduced hyperglycemia without risking hypoglycemia; blood glucose level is the measured quantity in such optimization. Several control models have been developed to assist diabetes control, which are reviewed in the following section.
Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT2) inhibition: A potential target for treatment of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus with Natural and Synthetic compounds
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Shubham Batra, Prabhjeet Kaur Bamrah, Manjusha Choudhary
The creation of novel medicines to improve glycemic control and diabetes management is a great opportunity to target sodium-dependent glucose transport (SGLT) proteins. SGLT1 and SGLT2 are two different isoforms of SGLT that serve to distinguish both of them [3,4]. In kidneys, SGLT plays an important role in glucose homeostasis by filtering and reabsorbing glucose from nearby tissues. Every day, the kidneys filter about 180 g of glucose [5]. Since SGLT1 is a high-affinity transporter, low volume that is situated in the intestine and kidney and secretes about 10% of glucose from the distal tubule. Moreover, SGLT2 is a low-affinity transporter, high-volume that is situated in the proximal convoluted tubule(PCT) and secretes about 90% of reabsorbing glucose filtered by the kidney [6,7].